Question | Answer |
CITADEL | a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city |
HARAPPAN(1) | The Harappan lived in a village in Pakistan...site of successive cities of the Indus valley civilization
-lived in a Bronze Age and their culture flourished in the Indus valley; first early civilization, circa 2600 BCE |
VENERATED | To regard with respect |
PANTHEON | An ideology |
ARYANS(3) | Herding people; spoke an Indo-European language; settled into Indus Valley in large numbers, 2600 B.C.E |
RIG VEDA | A collection of some 1,028 hymns dedicated to gods; complied between 1400 and 900 B.C.E. |
INDRA | A God; chief deity of Aryans |
RAJA | A leader of chiefdoms; governed in collaboration with a council of village elders |
CASTE SYSTEM | Determined the places that individuals and groups occupied in society; status |
VARNAS | The four castes in the Hindu caste system |
BRAHMINS | A priests |
KSHATRIYAS | Warriors and aristocrats |
VAISHYAS | Cultivators, artisans, and merchants |
SHUDRAS | Landless peasants and serfs |
"LAW BOOK OF MANU" | A work that dealt with proper moral behavior and social relationships, including sex and gender relationships |
BRAHMAN | Human beings that participate in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul (according to the Upanishads) |
DOCTRINE | A document with beliefs or set of beliefs |
KARMA | A cynical ideology designed to justify the social inequalities imposed by the caste system |
DRAVIDIAN (2) | The people that lived in the Indus Valley before the Aryans;native civilization(circa 2600 BCE) |
Political (HARAPPAN) | Unknown-unaccesible evidence |
Interactions w/ environment (HARAPPAN) | *Agricultural
-cultivated wheat and barley
*Indus valley
*Industry = textiles
*Irrigation Canals |
Religion (HARAPPAN) | *Polytheist nature gods; fertility goddess important
*Priests in villages had high importance |
Art & Architecture (HARAPPAN) | *citadel
*large granary
*roads
*temples |
Technology (HARAPPAN) | *ceramics
*gate
*steatite bead making |
Economics (HARAPPAN) | *trade
-materials, cultivation |
Society (HARAPPAN) | *declined complex society of Dravidians |
Political
(ARYANS) | *Clan system *King and local rulers(king had to protect his subjects, property, defense and maintenance of peace)
*Many City states
*Patriarchal/Patrilineal
*Subjected women to control
*Guidance from men
*Spoke Sanskrit |
Interactions w/ environment
(ARYANS) | *Nomadic people
*Domesticated the horse
*Herding
*Cultivated (agriculture) |
Religion
(ARYANS) | *Indian gods still worshipped
*Aryans brought new gods and Scriptures (Vedas)
*Ritual/ethics sacrifices
-rewards/offerings to gods |
Art & Architecture
(ARYANS) | *cities built from bricks
*drain system
*multileveled homes
*iron tools |
Technology
(ARYANS) | *iron tools
-advanced weaponry
*chariots
*Bow and arrow |
Economics
(ARYANS) | *Pastoral
*Small self-sufficient agricultural communities
*Iron Technology used for farm tools
-increased food production (rice)
*Weapons
*Barter system (common) |
Society
(ARYANS) | *Caste system *nomadic *arrogance
^4 varnans
-bramins (priests)
-kshstriyas (warriors and aristocrats
-vaishyas (cultivators, artisans, merchants)
-shudras (landless peasants and serfs) |
Political (DRAVIDIAN) | *City states
*Governed by Priest Kings
-democratic |
Interactions w/ environment (DRAVIDIAN) | *agriculture/cultivated native lands |
Religion (DRAVIDIAN) | *similar to aryans
*reincarnation and circle of life |
Art & Architecture (DRAVIDIAN) | *Temples w/ pyramid shaped towers
-constructed from sandstone |
Technology (DRAVIDIAN) | *iron tools
-swords, spears, shields, bows, silambam |
Economics (DRAVIDIAN) | *rich culture society |
Society (DRAVIDIAN) | *4 varnans
-bramins (priests)
-kshstriyas (warriors and aristocrats
-vaishyas (cultivators, artisans, merchants)
-shudras (landless peasants and serfs) |
Chronology | 8000-7000 BCE
-Beginnings of agriculture(South Asia) |
Chronology | 2500-2000B.C.E.
-High point of Harappan society |
Chronology | 1900B.C.E.
-Beginning of Harappan decline |
Chronology | 1500B.C.E.
-Beginning of Aryan migration to India |
Chronology | 1500-500B.C.E.
-Vedic age |
Chronology | 1400-900B.C.E.
-Composition of the Rig Veda |
Chronology | 1000B.C.E.
-Early Aryan migrations into the Ganges River valley |
Chronology | 1000B.C.E.
-Emergence(varna distinctions) |
Chronology | 1000-500B.C.E.
-Formation of regional kingdoms(northern India) |
Chronology | 800-400B.C.E.
-Composition of the principal Upanishads |
Chronology | 750B.C.E.
-Establishment of first Aryan cities in the Ganges valley |
Chronology | 500B.C.E
-Early Aryan migrations to the Deccan Plateau |