Question | Answer |
gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells | ectoderm |
forms axial skeleton | notochord |
forms neural plate | ectoderm |
forms neural groove which houses spinal cord and brain vesicles | neural plate |
"MOANER" | neural plate |
forms the lining of the digestive tube & its associated structures | endodern epithelium |
glands of buccal cavity, pharyngeal pouches & pharynx | foregut |
duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of transverse colon | midgut |
part of transverse, sigmoid & descending colon, rectum, & upper anal canel | hindgut |
urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate & urethral glands | allantois |
forms sclerotome, myotome, dermatome | somite cells |
between interatrial septum, becomes fossa ovalis | foramen ovale |
bypasses lung pulmonary veins & left ventricle, becomes ligamentum arteriosum | ductus arteriosus |
bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver, becomes ligamentum venosum | ductus venosus |
becomes ligamentum teres | umbilical vein |
becomes medial umbilical ligaments | umbilical arteries |
telencephalon, diencephalon | prosencephalon |
metencephalon, myelencephalon | rhombencephalon |
separates lateral ventricles | septum pellicidum |
1&2 to 3rd ventricle | foramen of monroe |
cerebral acqueduct of sylvius | mesencephalon |
caudate and putamen | striatum |
putamen and globus pallidus | lentiform nucleus |
fastigial, globus, emboliform, dentate | cerebellar nuclei (medial to lateral, small to large) |
140 ml | CSF |
inside out (pia, arachnoid, dura) | meninges |
choroid plexus, ependymal cells | produce CSF |
resorbs CSF | arachnoid granulations |
crude sensation and integrations (relay center) | thalamus |
conscious interpretation and movement | cortex |
main pathway between thalamus and cortex | through internal capsule and corona radiata |
primary sensory cortex | postcentral gyrus |
primary motor cortex | precentral gyrus |
precise & skilled voluntary movement | corticospinal |
influence unskilled voluntary movements and reflex activity | reticulospinal |
reflex postural movement and visual stimuli | tectospinal |
facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors | rubrospinal |
facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors for BALANCE | vestibulospinal |
pain and temperature, Tract of Lissauer, Substance P, Syringomyelia | Lateral Spinothalamic |
crude light touch, Tract of Lissauer | Anterior Spinothalamic |
discriminative touch (2 point), vibration and conscious proprioception | Dorsal Columns (Cuneatus and Gracilis) |
Unconscious proprioception, Clarks column, Posterior Inferior Peduncle "PI" | Posterior Spinocerebellar |
Unconscious proprioception, Clarks column, Anterior Superior Peduncle "AS" | Anterior Spinocerebellar |
spino visual reflexes, movements of eyes and head toward stimulus | Spinotectal |
Levels of consciousness, if damaged coma present | Spinoreticular |
Cutaneous & proprioceptive information | spino-olivary |
C2,C3 - sensory to posterolateral neck | Lesser Occipital |
C2,C3 - sensory to ear and parotid gland | Greater Auricular |
C2,C3 - sensory to anterior and lateral neck | transverse cervical |
C3,C4 - sensory to shoulder and anterior chest | Supraclavicular |
C1-C4 - motor - geniohyoid & infrahyoid muscles of neck | ansa cervicalis |
C1-C5 - motor - neck & scalenes, levator, trapezius, SCM | segmental branches |
C3,C4,C5 - motor - diaphragm | phrenic |
L2-L4 - sensory (thigh, leg, foot, hip, knee joints) motor (ant thigh, psoas, pectineus, iliacus) | femoral |
L2-L4 - sensory (medial thigh & hip joint) motor (adductors, gracilis, obturator externus) | obturator |
L2,L3 - sensory (lateral thigh, branches to peritoneum | lateral femoral cutaneous |
L1 - sensory (lower abdomen, lower back & hip, anterolateral abdominal wall & pubic region) | iliohypogastric |
L1 - sensory (external genitalia, thigh & abdominals) | ilioinguinal |
L1,L2 - sensory (scrotum, labia, thigh & cremasterics) | genitofemoral |
L4,L5, S1-S3 - motor (tibial & common peroneal | sciatic nerve |
L4-S3 - sensory (posterior leg & foot) motor (all muscles back of thigh, leg & foot) | tibial |
L4-S2 - sensory (anterior leg & dorsum foot) motor (peroneals, tibialis ant, extension of toe) | common peroneal (fibular) |
L4,L5,S1 - motor (glut med, min, TFL) | superior gluteal |
L5-S2 - motor (glut max) | inferior gluteal |
S1-S3 - sensory (buttock, thigh, popliteal, calf & heel | posterior femoral cutaneous |
S2-S4 - sensory (muscles of perineum) motor (external anal sphincter) | pudendal |
Any nerve that innervates a muscle producing movement at a joint, also innervates the joint and skin too | Hilton's law |
Lateral cord | musculocutaneous, median |
posterior cord | axillary, radial |
medial cord | median, ulnar |
compresses the brachial plexus | anterior and middle scalenes, SCM, pec major |
toe drag | common peroneal, deep peroneal, sciatic |
wrist drop | radial n. |
juntion of sphenoid, temporal, frontal & parietal bones) | pterion |
cylindrical, largest, least in number, bitter receptor, 8-12, v-form, ant to sulcus terminalus | circumvallate |
mushroom shaped, most numerous taste receptors | fungiform |
thread-like, sensitive to touch (no taste) | filiform |
embryonic thyroid diverticulum (depression in dorsum of tongue) | foramen caecum |
anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, sour, salty) | CN VII |
posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter) | CN IX |
epiglottis & larynx | CN X |
develops from ectoderm | retina |
amacrine, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal, rods and cones | retinal cells |
center of macula lutea, provides greatest acuity, only cones | fovea centralis |
blind spot, where optic nerve and vessels attach to eye | optic disc |
controls lens shape | ciliary muscle |
angular acceleration and deceleration | semicircular canals |
linear acceleration | utricle and saccule |
cribiform plate and crista galli | ethmoid |
hard palate, palatine, and orbital processes | maxillary |
sella turcica, foramen ovale, rotundum, lacerum, spinosum | sphenoid |
sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary | orbit |
between occipital and parietal | lambdoidal suture |
true ribs | 1-7 |
false ribs | 8-12 |
vertebrochondral ribs | 8-10 |
manubrium, jugular notch | sternum (gladiolus) |
manubrium and sternum meet (2nd rib attachment) | angle of louis |
serratus anterior | 1-8 ribs |
level of hyoid bone | C3 |
level of cornus of thyroid | C4 |
level of body of thyroid | C5 |
level of cricoid cartilage | C6 |
level of carotid cartilage | C6 |
pedicle, facets, body, disc | boundaries of IVF |
ends at L1/L2 | spinal cord |
joints of lushka | C2-C6 |
lowest level of vertebral a through foramen | C6 |
cervical, thoracic | coronal plane |
lumbar | sagittal plane |