Term | Definition |
Lorenzo de Medici | A clever politician and a patron of arts. |
Francesco Petrarch | A lyric poet who perfected a form of poetry known as the sonnet. |
Leonardo de Vinci | An inventor and artist. Most famous for "Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa." |
Michelangelo | Sculptor, musician, poet, painter, and architect. Famous for "Sistine Chapel." |
Raphael | Painter who painted "Assumption of the Virgin," and "School of Athens." |
Baldassare Castiglione | Wrote books about manners, skills, learning, virtues of a member of court. |
Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote "The Prince" the guide to rulers on how to gain and to keep power. |
Patron | Person who provides financial support for the arts. |
Humanism | Intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. |
Humaninities | Study of subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome, such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history. |
Perspective | Artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect. |
Albrecht Durer | German Leonardo. Etched designs on metal plate with acid. |
Jan van Eyck | Flemish. Developed oil paint to produce strong colors and hard surface. |
Francois Rabelais | French. Satirist. Monk. Greek scholar. Doctor. Author. Ideal Renaissance man. |
William Shakespeare | English. Playwright. Poet. Wrote "Macbeth" |
Miguel de Cervantes | Spanish. Novelist. His well-known work:"Don Quioxite." |
Johann Gutenberg | German, printed a complete edition of Bible with a printing press. |
Engraving | Art form in which etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints. |
Vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people. |
Utopian | Any ideal society. |
Protestant Reformation | New calls for reform unleashed force that would shatter Christian unity. |
Martian Luther | A German monk and professor of theology who triggered the revolt. |
Peace of Augsburg | signed in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion-Catholic or Lutheran-would be followed in his lands. |
John Calvin | The most important reformer to follow Martin Luther. |
Huguenot | French Calvinists |
John Knox | A Calvinist preacher in Scotland that led a religious rebellion. |
indulgence | lessening of time a soul would have to spend in purgatory. |
recant | to give up views. |
predestination | The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. |
Theocracy | Government run by church leaders. |
Henry VIII | 32" waist. talented. attacked Luther in pamphlet. 'Defender of Faith.' |
Elizabeth I | Queen of England, she slowly enforced a series of reforms. |
Council of Trent | Reaffirmed traditional Catholic values. That Protestants challenge. Bible is not sole source. |
Inquisition | A Church court that used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy. |
Jesuit | The Society of Jesus |
Teresa of Avila | born into a wealthy Spanish family, set up her own order of nuns. |
Annul | cancel |
Canonize | Recognized as a Saint. |
Compromise | Acceptable middle ground. |
Scapegoat | A person forced to take the blame of others' problems. |
ghetto | Separate part of the city. |
Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish. Publishes heliocentric idea. says sun is at center. |
Johannes Kelper | German. Supports Copernicus. calculates orbits of planets around the sun. |
Galileo Galilei | Italian. New telescope. Spots on sun. |
Francis Bacon | English. Stresses experimentation. |
Rene Descartes | English. Emphasized human reasoning. |
Isaac Newton | Discovered a force he called gravity. Came up with the laws of physics. |
Robert Boyle | Distinguished individual elements and chemical compounds. |
Heliocentric | Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe |
Hypothesis | Possible explanation |
Scientific Method | Painstacking method used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis. |
Gravity | Force that tends to pull one mass or object to another |