Question | Answer |
The first step of viral multiplication is ? | attachment |
The 2nd step of viral multiplication is ? | penetration |
The 3rd step of viral multiplication is ? | uncoating |
The 4th step of viral multiplication is ? | biosynthesis |
The 5th step of viral multiplication is ? | assembly |
When a virus enters a cell and uses its surface proteins to bind to the host cell's receptors, this is called ? | attachment |
After attachment, the virus penetrates the host cell by injecting its __ receptors. | DNA |
Before viral multiplication can begin, the __ must be removed. This is called uncoating. | capsid/protein coat |
What are the 5 steps of viral multiplication? | 1. attachment 2. penetration 3. uncoating 4. biosynthesis 5. assembly |
Complete virus particles are called ? | virions |
A capsid is composed of protein units called ? | capsomeres |
Some viruses have an outer envelope composed of ? | lipids and polysaccharides |
Unlike living cells, viruses have either __ or __. Living cells have both. | DNA or RNA |
Unlike living cells, viruses cannot __ on their own. | replicate |
Living cells replicate by __, __, or __. Viruses don't replicate by any of these methods. | 1. binary fission 2. mitosis 3. meiosis |
Viruses lack the __ and __ needed for energy production. | genes and enzymes |
Viruses depend on these 3 parts of the host cell for protein and nucleic acid production. | 1. ribosomes 2. enzymes 3. metabolites |
Viruses are classified in several ways, including the type of __ material they possess. | genetic (DNA and RNA) |
Viruses are classified in several ways, including the __ and __ of the capsid. | shape and size |
Viruses are classified in several ways. One of which is the number of __ they possess. | capsomeres |
Viruses are classified in several ways, such as the presence or absence of an ? | envelope |
Viruses are classified in several ways, such as the type of host they __. | infect |
Viruses are classified in several ways, including the type of __ thye produce in their hosts. | diseases |
Viruses are classified in several ways, including the type of cells they __. | target |
Viruses are classified in several ways, such as their immunologic or __ properties. | antigenic |
Name the 4 classes of viruses when classified by their genetic material. | 1. Double-stranded DNA 2. Single-stranded DNA 3. Double-stranded RNA 4. Single-stranded RNA |
Viruses escape from their host cells by __ of the cell or by a process called __. | lysis, budding |
What kind of viruses become enveloped viruses? | Those that escape their host cell by budding |
What do you call a virus infection where the virus has hidden itself from the host's immune system? | latent viruses |
Name one group of viruses that can be latent viruses. | Herpes |
Do all viruses go away once the symptoms have dissipated? | No |
What does CPE stand for? | cytopathic effect |
Cell cultures must be examined __ to determine their cytopathic effect. | microscopically |
Name 3 methods of detecting virus antigens. | 1. fluorescence 2. EIA 3. latex |
Can antibodies to viruses also be detected? | Yes |
Name 3 types of molecular diagnostics that can be used to detect viruses. | 1. nucleic acid probe 2. PCR 3. real time PCR |
DNA __ is one way of detecting a virus. | microarray |
Name 2 other departments in a medical facility involved in detecting viruses. | 1. histology 2. cytology |
Antibiotics are (effective or ineffective?) on viruses. | ineffective |
Antiviral agents can interfere with virus-specific __ and virus __. | enzymes, production |
Antivirals can disrupt critical phases in viral __. | multiplication |
Antivirals can inhibit synthesis of viral __, __, or __. (HINT: genetics) | DNA, RNA, proteins |
Which 2 antivirals affect a virus' ability to penetrate/uncoat? | 1. amantadine 2. rimantadine |
Which 2 antivirals affect a virus' transcription abilities? | 1. lamivudine 2. acyclovir |
Which group of antivirals inhibits viral biosynthesis? | protease inhibitors |
Which antiviral inhibits a virus at the assembly stage of infection? | Rifampicin |
Which antivirals affect a virus's ability to release? | 1. Zanamivir 2. Oseltamivir |
Viruses that cause cancer are called ? | oncoviruses |
Name 3 oncoviruses. | 1. Epstien-Barr 2. HPV 3. HTLV-1 |
Herpesviridae viruses have what kind of genetic structure? | DNA double stranded |
Hepadnaviridae have what kind of genetic structure? | DNA single stranded |
Poxvidae and Papilamaviridae have what kind of genetic structures? | DNA double stranded |
Reoviridae viruses have what kind of genetic structure? | RNA double stranded |
When collecting samples to test for viruses, you should collect them when? | early |
What kind of swabs should you use when getting samples for viral testing? | Dacron or rayon |
Why can't you use cotton or calcium alginate swabs for collecting viral samples? | They inhibit replication and NAAT |
Viral samples should be transported in what 3 types of media? | 1. respiratory 2. swabs 3. tissues |
Do not transport viral samples using these 3 media. | 1. blood 2. bone marrow 3. fluids |
If you cannot test a viral sample for 4 days, you should store the sample at what temperature? | 4C |
If you cannot test a viral sample for more than 4 days, you should store it at what temperature? | -70C |
3 places to get samples for viral testing from the body are? | 1. lesions 2. respiratory secretions 3. stool (GI tract) |
Cowdry type A bodies from HSV and VZV lesions should be tested using a __ smear. | Tzanck |
Samples of koilocytosis that come from HPV infections should be examined with what kind of smear? | Papanicolaou |
What kind of bodies can be found in rabies cases? | Negri (not just the dead kind.) :) |
DFA (as in a DFA test) stands for ? | Direct Fluorescent Antibody |
DFA tests are used on what 7 kinds of viruses? | 1. flu 2. measles 3. RSV 4. HSV 1 5. HSV 2 6. VZV 7. CMV |
Serological assays are used to detect __ to viruses. | antibodies |
What 8 kinds of viruses can be detected using enzyme immunoassays? | 1. RSV 2. HIV 3. influenza A 4. influenza B 5. HBV 6. HSV 7. rotavirus 8. WNV |
Chlamydiacae are generally lacking in an energy __. | metabolism |
Like viruses, Chlamydiacae are __ __ pathogens. | obligate intracellular |
Chlamydiacae have a 2 stage life cycle. The infectious form is called ? | elementary bodies |
Chlamydiacae come in 2 forms, or stages. The noninfectious form is called ? | reticulate bodies |
During which stage can a Chlamydiacae divert the host cell's metabolism to its needs? | reticulate bodies |
During which stage can a Chlamydiacae use binary fission to multiply? | reticulate bodies |
The __ body of a Chlamydiacae is the non-replicating infectious particle that is released when infected cells rupture. | elementary |
The elementary body of a Chlamydiacae is covered in a rigid ? | cell wall |
When stained with iodine, reticulate bodies appear as __ in the cell. | inclusions |
The __ body of a Chlamydiacae is responsible for the bacteria's ability to spread from person to person and is analogous to a spore. | elementary |
This form of a Chlamydiacae does not have a cell wall. | reticulate |
After division, the __ body transforms back to the __ form and is released by the cell by exocytosis. | reticulate, elementary |
MOMP stands for ? | major outer membrane protein |
Chlamydophylia pneumoniae does not affect children less than __ years of age. | 5 |
What percentage of infected people are asymptomatic (or nearly so) who get Chlamydophylia pneumoniae? | 90% |
What age group has the highest incidence of Chlamydophylia pneumoniae? | 6-20 year olds |
What are the symptoms of Chlamydophylia pneumoniae during the first 5-7 days? | sore throat/hoarseness |
What are the symptoms of Chlamydophylia pneumoniae from days 8-15? | similar to flulike LRT, bronchitis, pneumonia |
How can the inclusion bodies of Chlamydophylia pneumoniae be detected in the lab? | 1. Fluorescent monoclonal antibodies 2. ELISA & micro-IF 3. human lines & HEp2 from respiratory |
Chlamydophylia psittaci is also known by what 3 names? | 1. parrot fever 2. ornithosis 3. Psittacosis |
Chlamydophylia psittaci is diagnosed using what 2 pieces of information? | 1. 4x increase in LPS antigen 2. history of exposure |
There are (how many?) serovariants of Chlamydophylia trachomatis? | 20 |
The #1 cause of preventable blindness in the world is due to ? | Chlamydophylia trachomatis |
Chlamydophylia trachomatis can be treated with __ and simple __. | antibiotics and simple surgery |
Diagnosis of Chlamydophylia trachomatis can be done with ? | 1. DFA 2. EIA 3. NAAT-PCR |
Chlamydophylia trachomatis symptoms include ? | 1. trachoma (blindness) 2. conjuctivitis 3. GU (genitourinary) infections 4. newborn pneumonia 5. lymphogranuloma venereum |
Lymphogranuloma venereum is endemic in what 3 continents? There's only about 500 cases in the US every year. | 1. Asia 2. Africa 3. South America |
Lymphogranuloma venereum damages what areas of the body? | genital and rectal |
What antibiotics are effective against Chamydia infections? | azithrmycin and doxycycline |
Most Rickettsiaceae are __-borne. | arthropod |
Can Rickettsiaceae be cultured on medium? | no |
Rickettsiaceae have __ membranes. | leaky |
Rickettsiaceae grow in the __ of host cells. | cytoplasm |
Which kind of Rickettsiaceae DO NOT have arthropods as vectors and reservoirs? | R. prowzekii |
Symptoms for Rickettsia rickettsii are ? | 1. flulike 2. rash on ankles and wrists (none on face) 3. vasculitis in internal organs |
Rickettsia rickettsii can be treated with ? | tetracycline or chloramphenicol |
The reservoir for Rickettsia akari is? | house mouse |
The vector for Rickettsia akari is? | mouse mite |
The symptoms for Rickettsia akari include? | 1. papules 2. flulike 3. rash on face, trunk, extremities |
A patient with Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi could have what symptoms? | 1. fever 2. headache 3. rash on trunk and extremeties (not on face, hands, feet) |
Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi replicate in the __ and lyse cells to spread. | cytoplasm |
What is the reservoir for Rickettsia prowazekii? | humans and flying squirrels |
What is the vector for Rickettsia prowazekii? | human lice and squirrel fleas |
What is the reservoir for Rickettsia typhi? | rats (even these?? http://jacksgap.com/cute-overload-adorable-rats/) |
What is the vector for Rickettsia typhi? | rat or cat flea |
In general, people with Rickettsia won't have a rash on their ? | face, hands, feet |
The reservoir for Orienta tsutsugamushi is ? | rat |
The vector for Orienta tsutsugamushi is ? | chigger |
Black spots, a symptom of Orienta tsutsugamushi, is also known as ? | tache noire |
Tache noire (black spots) that come from Orienta tsutsugamushi will appear where on the body? | trunk and extremities |
What is the incubation period for Orienta tsutsugamushi? | 2 weeks |
__ serve as the reservoir and the vector for what microbe? | Anaplasmataceae |
Anaplasmataceae infect what kind of cells? | WBCs (granulocytes or monocytes) |
Anaplasmataceae is often misdiagnosed as ? | brain cancer |
Chronic __ due to Anaplasmataceae infection may lead to leukemia and lymphosarcoma. | ehrlichiosis (disease caused by tick bite) |
Anaplasmataceae can cause what to happen to your spleen due to dead WBC migration? | splenomegaly |
How can you treat Anaplasmataceae infections? | tetracycline |
Anaplasmataceae causes death by ? | 1. internal hemorrhage 2. autoimmunity 3. many secondary infections |
The reservoir for Ehrlicha chaffeensis is ? | dogs and deer |
The vector for Ehrlicha chaffeensis is ? | the lone star tick |
The common cold could be caused by a rhinovirus or an __. | adenovirus |
An adenovirus can cause viral __ through the eyes and respiratory tract. | shedding |
Types 40 and 41 of adenoviruses cause what kind of issues in children? | GI |
With adenoviruses, shedding through __ and __ can persist for days after the disease resolved. | stool and urine |
What are the cytoplasmic effects (CPE) of an adenovirus? | swollen cells in grapelike clusters |
Unlike HSV1 (herpes type 1 virus), HSV2 primarily causes symptoms in the __ area of the body. | genital |
Type 3 herpes virus (HHV3) is also called __ virus. | Varicella-zoster |
The Varicella-zoster causes what disease? | Chickenpox/shingles |
Unlike HSV2 (herpes type 2 virus), HSV1 primarily causes symptoms in the __ area of the body. | oral |
The HHV4 (herpes type 4 virus) is known as ? | Epstein-Barr virus |
What is the disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus called? | infectious mononucleosis |
The HHV5 (herpes type 5 virus) is known as ? | Cytomegalovirus |
The Cytomegalovirus causes what disease? | infectious mononucleosis |
The HHV6 (herpes type 6 virus) is known as ? | roseola or 6th disease |
The HHV7 (herpes type 7 virus) is known as ? | roseola (just like HHV6) |
The HHV8 (herpes type 8 virus) is known as ? | Kapos sarcoma-associated herpes virus |
What kind of viruses can cause infectious mononucleosis? | Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus |
Encephalitis is most commonly associated with ? | HSV/herpes virus |
The HSV1/HHV1 virus is more commonly called ? | herpes simplex 1 |
The HSV2/HHV2 virus is more commonly called ? | herpes simplex 2 |
What are the 4 symptoms of HSV1/oral herpes? | 1. burning 2. itching 3. tingling 4. pain |
What are the 4 areas of the body where symptoms of HSV2/genital herpes will present? | 1. female mucosa 2. glans 3. shaft and prepuce of penis 4. urethra of men and women |
Herpes is both a primary disease and a __ disease. | secondary |
Herpes Simplex virus 1 and 2 are often spread by contact with __ and by __ __? | lesions and droplet inhalation |
The Varicella Zoster virus is better known as ? | chickenpox/shingles |
Varicella Zoster virus (chickenpox) cases what symptoms? | Rash and lesions that start on the head and trunk and spread to the limbs. |
Cytopathic effects occur with chickenpox/Varicella Zoster virus infections happen within ? | 3-7 days |
How do you test for chickenpox/Varicella Zoster virus? | Tzanck smear |
What will you see on a Tzanck smear taken from a vesicular lesion from someone infected with Varicella Zoster virus? | Giant multinucleated cells |
Herpes Zoster affects what organs? | Intercostal and cranial nerves |
Herpes Zoster presents in what way? | unilaterally |
The Herpes Zoster can cause postherpetic __. | neuralgia (postherpetic neuralgia PHN) |
How long does postherpetic neuralgia last? | months or years |
Epstein-Barr virus has an incubation period that is how long? | 2 weeks to 2 months |
As an oncovirus, name 3 possible consequences of being infected by Epstein-Barr. | 1. Burkitts lymphoma 2. Hodgkin disease 3. nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
What is the name of the most common congenital infection in US? | Cytomegalovirus |
A Cytomegalovirus infection can be life-threatening if the host is ? | immunocompromised |
Roseolavirus (HHV6 and HHV7) can cause acute ? | mild febrile infection |
What happens after the fever that comes from the Roseolavirus has passed? | maculopapular rash |
Which of the herpes viruses affects both humans and primates? | Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes (HHV8) |
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes is a sign that you may have what condition? | AIDS |
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes is spread throughout North America and Europe by what means? | sexual contact |
The Human Papilloma virus causes ? | warts and koilocytes |
Poxviruses are __ shaped. | brick |
Some Poxviruses are naked, while others are ? | enveloped |
Name 3 kinds of Poxviruses. | 1. Variola virus (smallpox) 2. Vaccina virus (cowpox) 3. Monkeypox virus (monkeypox) |
What is the rarest and weakest of the 3 Poxviruses we have talked about? | Monkeypox virus |
The Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes virus causes purple __ patches. | cancer |
The Variola virus has an incubation period of how many days? | 10-17 days |
What are the symptoms of Variola virus? | 1. fever 2. oral lesions 3. macular rash 4. progresses to papular, vesicular, and pustular at the same time. |
How do you treat Variola virus? | Cidofovir |
Which viruses can also be oncoviruses (according to the class outline)? | 1. Epstein-Barr 2. Kaposi Sarcoma 3. Human Papilloma |
What is the genetic structure of Herpes viruses? | Double Stranded DNA |
Plant viruses are called ? | viroids |
An infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form is called ? | prion |
Obligate intracellular pathogens need what to survive and multiply? | host cells |
Which group of viruses are most susceptible to inactivation by high temperatures, extreme pH, or chemicals? | enveloped |
Viral envelopes are of __ origin. | host |
Viruses acquired a __ membrane as they bud from host cells. | lipid |
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites because ? | they must be inside a living cell in order to replicate. |
For infection to occur, a virus must __ to the cell surface. | absorb or attach |
Absorption/attachment is specific for certain __, most of which are glycoproteins. | cell receptors |
The virus attaches to the host cell's receptors by means of ? | adhesion molecules |
Naked virions can directly penetrate the cell membrane, while enveloped viruses may enter the host cell by __ with the cell membrane. | fusion |
One way that an enveloped virus may enter a host cell is in a cytoplasmic vacuole. This is called ? | endocytosis |
Once inside of a cell, the virus loses its protein coat and releases the genome. This is called ? | uncoating |
When uncoating, most RNA viruses release their genome into the ? | cytoplasm |
When uncoating, most DNA viruses release their genome into the host ? | nucleus |
Once the viral genome has been inserted into the host cell during uncoating, the host cell begins to ? | make viral proteins and replicate the viral genome. |
After uncoating is complete, the next step of viral infection is __ of the virus particle. | assembly or maturation |
After the assembly phase of viral infection, new virions are released by __ of the cell if the infectious agent is a naked virus. | lysis |
Another method of release of a virus from a host cell is called __ for enveloped viruses. | budding |
During budding, part of the plasma membrane surrounds the viral __ and becomes the viral envelope (this applies to enveloped viruses). | capsid |
Viral shedding is usually greatest during the __ stages of infection, making this the best time to collect a specimen. | early |
The sensitivity of viral cultures may decreases rapidly after __ days after the acute onset of symptoms. | 3 |
When collecting a viral specimen, tissue samples must be kept ? | moist |
Ideally, viral specimens should be processed __ by the lab. | immediately |
Storage of viral specimens at __ degrees Celsius could cause ice crystals to form, which disrupts host cells and kills off many of the virions. | -20C |
Characteristic visual changes in infected cell are referred to as ? | cytopathic effect (CPE) |
Adenovirus is shed in secretions from the __ and __ __. | eyes and respiratory tract |
Adenovirus shedding can occur in __ and __ for days after the disease has disappeared. | stool and urine |
What causes infectious mononucleosis? | Epstein-Barr and Cytomegalovirus. |
What causes genital warts? | Human Papilloma virus (HPV) |
What do Chlamydia trachomatis serovariants A-C cause? | Trachoma (a characteristic roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. Also called granular conjunctivitis.) |
What is the #1 cause of blindness in the world? | Chlamydia trachomatis A-c |
What 3 things do Chlamydia trachomatis serovariants D-K cause? | 1. conjuctivitis 2. genito-urinary infections 3. newborn pneumonia |
What do Chlamydia trachomatis serovariants L cause? | Lymphogranuloma venereum |
What causes parrot fever? | Psittacosis from birds |
Encephalitis is most commonly associated with which virus? | Herpes virus |
RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) causes what kind of infection? | lower respiratory |
What group of people are most vulnerable to RSV? | children |
How can RSV be detected? | A test performed on sample obtained by nasopharyngeal swab |
Colds are most commonly associated with ? | Rhinovirus (#1) and adenoviruses (#2) |
What is the CPE for Chlamydia? | McKoy cells |
Chlamydia can cause __—a discharge of pus from the eyes. | newborn conjunctivitis |
Chlamydia can cause newborn conjuctivitis or ? | neonatal meningitis |
The vector for Rickettsia is a __ | such as a __. |
A capsid is made from ? | capsomeres |
Traditionally | chlamydial infection has been diagnosed by detection of chlamydial __ in tissue culture cells. |
Chlamydia can be diagnosed by making up a cell ? | culture |
The primary cause of Ricketts is ? | Vitamin D deficiency |
Rickettsial fever or disease (Typhoid) is caused by ? | Rickettsia bacteria |
Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are __ pathogens. | intraleukocytic |
Name 3 sources of contamination of cell cultures. | Mycoplasma |
Ehrlichia spp. live inside of what type of WBC? | macrophages |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum live inside what type of WBC? | granulocytes |
Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum can be diagnosed by what 5 means? | 1. microscopic identification of morulae in WBCs 2. serology 3. Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) 4. ELISA 5. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of whole blood |
Name the 7 oncoviruses. | Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4)
Merkel cell polyomavirus
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV-5)
Hepatitis C virus (RNA)
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) (RNA) |
What virus has leaky membranes? | influenza |
What disease is caused by Varicella-Zoster virus? | chickenpox/shingles |
What disease is caused by Rickettsia typhi? | Endemic typhus |
What disease is caused by influenza A and B? | flu |
What disease is caused by Hepatitis A virus? | Food borne hepatitis |
What disease is caused by Sin Nombre virus? | Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) |
What disease is caused by the Rubeola virus? | Measeles |
What disease is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci? | Psittacosis |
What disease is caused by Rickettsial akari? | Rickettsialpox |
What disease is caused by Orienta tsutsugamushi? | Scrub typhus |
Variola major and Variola minor cause what disease? | Smallpox |
How is chickenpox transmitted? | 1. droplet inhalation 2. direct contact with lesions |
What causes chickenpox and shingles? | Varicellovirus |
What causes Endemic typhus? | Rickettsia typhi |
What causes the flu? | influenza A and B |
What causes Food Borne hepatitis? | Hepatitis A virus |
What causes Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome? | Sin nombre |
What causes measles? | Rubeola virus |
What causes Psittacosis? | Chlamydophila psittaci |
What causes Ricettsialpox? | Rickettsial akari |
What causes scrub typhus? | Orienta tsutsugamushi |
What causes smallpox? | Variola major/minor |
How can the Varicellovirus (which causes chickenpox) be spread? | 1. droplet inhalation 2. direct contact with lesions |
How can Rickettsia typhi (which causes Endemic typhus) be spread? | direct contact with fleas |
How can Influenza A and B (which cause the flu) be spread? | 1. droplet inhalation 2. direct contact 3. indirect contact |
How can Hepatitis A virus (which causes food borne hepatitis) be spread? | 1. fecal oral 2. sex 3. waterborne 4. direct contact 5. indirect contact |
How can Sin Nombre (which causes Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome) be spread? | 1. direct contact with mice 2. indirect contact 3. inhalation |
How can Rubeola virus (which causes Measles) be spread? | air droplet inhalation |
How can Chlamydiophila psittaci (which causes Psittacosis) be spread? | droplet inhalation |
How can Rickettsial akari (which causes Rickettsialpox) be spread? | direct contact with mice mites |
How can Orienta tsutsugamushi (which causes scrub typhus) be spread? | direct contact with chiggers |
How can Variola major/minor (which cause smallpox) be spread? | 1. droplet inhalation 2. direct contact |
The flu, food borne hepatitis, Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome, and measles all have what kind of genetic structure? | food borne hepatitis |
Smallpox and Chickenpox both have what kind of genetic structure? | DD-DNA |