Question | Answer |
Composition of blood | RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma |
Plasma vs. serum | Plasma has clotting proteins, serum does not it is already clotted |
Layers when spun down % | RBC 43%, WBC&Platelets (buffy coat) <2%, Plasma 55% |
Cell membrane - composition and function | phospholipid bilayer with proteins, also receptors that transmit messages to the nucleus |
Cytoplasm - composition and function | protein synthesis, growth, motility, and phagocytosis take place here. |
Nucleus - composition and function | contains DNA and regulates all cell functions |
Necrosis vs Apoptosis | Cell Death ... Necrosis - No ATP, cell swells, patches of tissue die, lysed, inflammation Apoptosis - needs ATP, cell shrinks, death of single isolated cell, no inflammation |
Hematopoiesis | the process of making all of the parts of blood |
differentiation | the process responsible for generateing the diverse cell populations for specialzed functions |
commitment | the instance when 2 cells derived from the same precursor take a separate route of development |
hematopoiesis Sites during embryonic, fetal, childhood and adult | embryonic-Mesoblastic period-yolk sac and Aorta-gonad-mesonephros(AGM)
fetal-Hepatic phase-Liver (spleen) and Medullary/Myeloid phase (in bones)90% in red marrow at birth
childhood-throughout the skeletal system
adult-central portion of the skeletal |
Cellular compartments of hematopoietic precursor cells | Hematopoietic stem cells-give rise to daughter cells, not morphologically distinguishable
Progenitor cells-committed cells, not morphologically recognizable, measured by CFUs
Maturing cells-takes on morphological characteristics of cell line. |
Hematopoietic precursor cell model (pg 35) Basic scheme of hematopoiesis | go look at it! :) remind yourself! |
Cytokines, growth factors and hematopoietic microenvironment | Cytokines-protein that modulates function of other cells- ex interleukins,CSF&interferons
growth factors-cytokines - mostly produced by stromal cells
hematopoietic microenvironment- influences behavior and proliferation of multipotential cells |
extramedullary hematopoiesis | formation and development of blood cells at a site other than bone marrow |
Medullary hematopoiesis | blood cell production and development IN the red bone marrow |
Erythropoiesis | formation and maturation of erythrocytes in bone marrow. It is under the influence of the hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin. |
RBC Maturation series (both nomenclatures)p65 | Pronormoblast/rubriblast
Basophilic normoblast/prorubricyte
polychromatophilic normoblast/rubricyte
orthochromic normoblast/metarubricyte
reticulocyte
mature RBC or erythrocyte |
Earliest morphologically recognizable cell (RBC) | Pronormoblast/Rubriblast |
RBC membrane function | maintain cell shape and deformability
maintain osmotic balance between plasma and cell cytoplasm
act as a supporting skeletal system for surface antigens and receptors
Aid in the transportation of essential cellular ion gases |
RBC membrane Composition | Biphospholipid protein complex - 52% protein, 40% lipid & 8% carbohydrate |
RBC metabolism | ATP, generated by glycolysis. |
Embden-Meyerhop (EM) pathway - RBC metabolism | anaerobic pathway, 90% of glucose utilization in RBC - AKA Glycolic Pathway |
Extravascular and intravascular RBC destruction | Extravascular -90% in spleen and liver
Intravascular - cell membrane breached while in circulation |
Factors that affect Oxygen affinity | Increase affinity - increase O2, OR decrease in: CO2, H+, Temp, 2,3-BPG
Decrease Affinity increase in: CO2, H+, Temp or 2,3-BPG |
Hemoglobin Normal values for men and women | men 14-17g/dL
women 12-16g/dL |
Structure | 4 globin chains - 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. 4 hemes - each contain 1 iron atom. |
Normal types of hemoglobin - Table 6-2 page 88 | Embryonic-Gower I (zeta epsilon), Gower II (Alpha epsilon), & Portland (zeta gamma)
Fetal to Adult (amounts change but types are the same) -HbF (alpha gamma), HbA (alpha beta), HbA2 (alpha delta) |
senescent RBC | 1. growing old
2. characteristic of old age |
Glycosylated hemoglobin | HbA1C has glucose irreversibly attached- used as an indicator of blood glucose in diabetics. |
Oxyhemoglobin | Hgb bound to oxygen |
Deoxyhemoglobin | Hgb without oxygen |
Oxygen affinity | Ability of hemoglobin to bind and release oxygen. An increase in CO2, acid, and heat decrease affinity, while an increase in pO2 increases oxygen affinity |
Tense structure | |
Relaxed structure | |
2,3 BPG | |
Shift to the right | |
Shift to the left | |
Methemoglobin | Hgb with iron in ferric state. Cannot combine with O2. |
Sulfhemoglobin | Sulfur combined with hemoglobin. 1/100 O2 affinity of HbA. |
Carboxyhemoglobin | Carbon monoxide combined with hemoglobin. Affinity for carbon monoxide is 200 times higher than for O2. |
The Leukocyte | |
Absolute concentration vs. relative concentration and calculations | |
Reference values for adults | |
Maturation series of granulocyte | |
Characteristics of nucleus & cytoplasm. Approximate cell size | |
Primary and secondary granules | |
Recognition | |
Marginating and circulating pool locations | |
Granulocytic adherence and migration | |
Reticulocyte | No nucleus, contains RNA |
Hexose monophosphate shunt - RBC metabolism | dependent on G6PD, when deficient globin denaturation occurs and Hgb precipitates to form inclusions (Heinz bodies) |
Methehemoglibon reductase pathway - RBC metabolism | |
Rapoport-Leubering Shunt - RBC metabolism | Production of 2,3BPG (2.3BPG binds to Hgb and decreases the oxygen affinity of Hgb- releasing more oxygen to tissues) |
PO2 PCO2 | Partial pressure oxygen/carbon dioxide?? |