Question | Answer |
What is the main function of RBCs? | To deliver oxygen. |
You need what kind of iron in your body so your RBCs can transport oxygen? | Fe 2+ |
What pathway assists in maintaining Fe 2? | Methemoglobin reductase pathway |
Glucose is required to generate __. | ATP |
Glucose enters the erythrocyte by __ __ __. | Facilitated membrane transport |
When we are born, are bones have only __ marrow. | red |
When does yellow marrow begin to replace the red marrow in the long bones of extremities? | 5th to 7th year |
Adult hematopoietic tissue is limited to the __ skeleton and the __ portions of the extremities. | axial, proximal |
Bone marrow sampling will depend on the __ of the patient. | age |
The __ crest is a source of red marrow in adults. | iliac |
What is the favored site for obtaining bone marrow aspirate and core biopsy specimen? | Posterior iliac crest |
A bone marrow needle is technically called a __ __. | jamshidi needle |
Iron is absorbed in the __ and the __. | duodinum, jejunum (both are sections of the small intestine) |
What is a carrier protein for iron which goes to hematopoietic tissue? | Transferrin (iron enters circulation bound to transferrin) |
Some iron is temporarily stored as __. | Ferritin |
What are the 3 principal regulators of iron? | transferrin, transferrin receptor, ferritin |
What are the 3 regulators regulated by? | Iron-responsive element binding protein (IRE-BP) |
What is transferrin called when there is no iron attached? | apoferritin |
Where is transferrin produced? | the liver |
Iron stored in degraded Ferritin is called __. | Hemosiderin. (The iron within deposits of hemosiderin is very poorly available to supply iron when needed.) |
In what organs is iron stored? | liver, bone marrow, and spleen |
What does a measurement of Serum Ferritin indicate? | Iron stores in the body |
What does a measurement of Serum Iron indicate? | Tissue iron supply |
What does a measurement of TIBC/transferrin indicate? | Tissue iron supply |
What does a measurement of bone marrow sideroblast count indicate? | Functional iron available |
What is the main component of RBCs? | Hemoglobin |
What gives blood it's red color? | Heme |
Heme biosynthesis happens where? | mitochondria & cytoplasm of erythrocyte precursors (from rubriblast to retics) in the bone marrow. |
Mature erythrocytes cannot synthesize __. | Heme |
What vitamin does heme biosynthesis require? | B6 |
Heme biosynthesis begins with condensation of _ and __. | glycine, coenzyme A |
During heme biosynthesis, glycine and coenzyme A (CoA) are catalyzed by __ __ synthase to form __. | delta ALA synthase, ALA |
What plasma protein carries iron to the developing RBCs? | Transferrin |
Excess iron aggregates in the cytoplasm as __. | ferritin |
What unites with protoporphyrin 9 to make heme? | iron |
Iron and protoporphyrin 9 combine in the presence of __ to create heme. | ferrochelatase |
Excess accumulated iron the nucleated RBC (NRBC) results in a cell called a __. | sideroblast |
A sideroblast is an anucleated RBC with excess __. | iron |
The most common combo of chains that form hemoglobin A are __ and __. | two alpha, two beta |
Hgb A2 contains 2 __ and 2 __ chains. | alpha, delta |
Hgb F contains 2 __ and 2 __. | alpha, gamma |
What 2 things combine to form hemoglobin? | heme and globin |
What oxygen binding heme protein binds oxygen better than hgb? | myoglobin |
If the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left, you need __ oxygen. | less oxygen |
If the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left, alkalyne levels go __. | higher |
If the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right, you need __ oxygen. | more |
Normally a pO2 of __ mm is needed to saturate 50% of Hgb (P50). | 27 |
An increase in PH level is generally __ (good or bad?) | good |
What can cause an increase in PH levels? | blood transfusion, decreased body temp, Hgb F |
A decrease in PH level is generally __ (good or bad?) | bad |
What can cause a decrease in PH levels? | hypoxia, increase in body temp, pulmonary problems, several anemia |
Hgb F results in an __ in oxygen saturation and affinity. | increase |
Methemoglobin is incapable of combining with __. | oxygen |
Sulfhgb can be __ and contains sulfur. | fatal |
Cyanmethehemeglobin is used to quantify Hb by reading the color change of blood at __ nm and comparing it with a standard. | 540 |
What does ADP stand for? | adenosine diphosphate |
What does ATP stand for? | adenosine triphosphate |
What comes off the Embden-Meyerhof pathway? | 2,3-DPG(BPG) |
The Methemeglobin reductase pathway maintains __ in the ferrous (Fe 2+) state. | iron |
The Rapoport pathway is __? | part of the glycolytic pathway of human erythrocytesan and an important regulator of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. |
Without __, you can't keep oxygen in RBCs. | Fe 2+ |
If the __ __ shunt id deficient, Heinz bodies may result. | Hexose Monophosphate shunt |
The Leubering-Rapaport shunt permits the accumulation of __. | 2,3-DPG |
What is essential for maintaining oxygen tension? | 2,3-DPG |
Anaerobic glycolysis begins with __, a glycolytic enzyme. | hexokinase |
Anaerobic glycolysis ends with __. | Pyruvate kinase |
The main physiological functions of the RBC membrane are to maintain cell shape __ for osmotic balance. | deformability |
The RBC membrane acts as a supporting __ system for surface antigens. | skeletal |
The peripheral proteins of the RBC membrane are __, __, __, __, and protein __. | spectrin, actin, GPD, ankyrin, protein 4 (SAGAP4) |