Question | Answer |
What do you call the formation of blood cells? | Hematopoiesis |
How many phases of hematopoiesis are there in our lives? | 3 |
The 2nd phase of hematopoiesis is called __. | Hepatic phase |
What 4 organs generate blood cells during the Hepatic phase? | Spleen, thymus, liver, lymph nodes (STLLn, or "Still-in") |
The 1st phase of hematopoiesis is called __. | Mesoblastic phase (or Yolk Sac Phase) |
When does the mesoblastic phase begin? | 2-3 weeks after fertilization |
The mesoblastic phase ends after __ weeks. | 6 |
During the mesoblastic phase of Hematopoiesis, stem cells from the yolk sac differentiate into primitive __. | Erythroblasts |
What is an erythroblast? | Primitive pluripotential cells that are precursors of all blood cell lines. |
What is the first lymphatic organ to develop? (This happens during the hepatic phase) | The thymus |
Where do B cells develop in the hepatic phase? | The spleen and kidney |
What phase does production of megakaryocytes begin in? | Hepatic phase |
What is lymphopoiesis? | The generation of lymphocytes, more formally called lymphoid hematopoiesis. |
The spleen is almost the sole site of __ during the hepatic phase. | lymphopoiesis |
What is the 3rd phase of hematopoiesis? | Medullary phase (or myeloid phase) |
When does the medullary phase begin? | Five months |
Bone marrow activity increases tremendously during the __ phase. | Medullary phase |
After __ months, the bone marrow is the primary source of hematopoiesis. | 6 |
CSF stands for __. | colony stimulating factors |
What do colony stimulating factors do? | Cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into specific kinds of blood cells |
Under hypoxic conditions, the __ will produce and secrete erythropoietin to increase the production of red blood cells. | Kidney |
What is the most common cause of anemia? | Iron deficiency |
The kind of bone marrow that produces stem cells and all blood cell lines is called __ __ __. | Red bone marrow |
Megakaryocytes are __ in size and produce __. | Large in size and produce platelets. |
Macrophages are __ blood cells. | White |
What color is the bone marrow of 3 year old? | Entirely red |
At what age does a child's bone marrow start to turn from red to (partially) yellow? | 4 years of age. The process ends around 7 years of age. |
Adult red marrow is restricted to -- -- -- -- -- -- --. | Flat bones, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, skull, proximal ends of long bones. |
If the body needs to produce more blood cells than the red bone marrow can provide, it can revert to the __ and has __ __ __ as a reserve. | The spleen, has yellow marrow-fat as a reserve. |
How long do RBCs live? | 120 days |
What is the normal percentage rate of loss for RBCs in the body per day? | 2% |
Granulocytes are __ blood cells characterized by the presence of __ in their cytoplasm. | White blood cells, granules in their cytoplasm |
Adult bone marrow tissue consists of __% marrow and __% fat. | 50, 50 |
In a patient with leukemia, the ratio of __ marrow to fat increases dramatically. | red |
Phagocytic __ cells in the spleen, liver, and other strategic locations "eat" pathogens as well as eliminating debris from the blood. | macrophage |
The __ is the storage cite for platelets. | spleen |
Splenomegaly is __? | an enlargement of the spleen |
What does splenomegaly indicate? | leukemia, lymphomas, RBC problems |
Where does differentiation of T cells occur? | Thymus |
As you get older, the thymus __. | Shrinks |
Lymph nodes are located __ __ in the body. | almost everywhere |
B cells are created in the __ __. | lymph nodes |
What are the 3 main functions of lymph nodes? | 1. Form new lymphocytes, 2. process specific antibodies (immunoglobulins), 3. filer debris and bacteria |
What is the monophylectic theory? | All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell. |
What is the polyphyletic theory? | There's a separate and distinct stem cell compartment for each blood cell type. |
Two major types of stem cells are: | noncommitted (also called undifferentiated) and multipotential |
What kind of cell is responsible for the stimulation or inhibition of blood cells? | cytokine |
Another word for white blood cells? | Leukocytes |
What are the 2 main types of white blood cells | myelocytes and lymphocytes |
What is leukipoietin? | a hypothetical substance presumed to be the humoral means of regulating leukopoiesis. |
What is thrombopoietin? | A colony-stimulating factor that regulates production of platelets. |
What kind of cells platelets come from? | Megakaryocytes |
Where is erythropoietin produced? | The kidney |