Question | Answer |
__________Allows user access to the network examples:HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP, DNS, and Telnet (Remote Access). Devices: Hosts / PCs. | Application Layer |
________Defines format of the data examples:SSL, TLS. Graphics: TIFF, JPEG, GIF. Text: ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, Encrypted. Audio: MIDI, MPEG, WAV, MP3. Video: QUICKTIME, AVI. | Presentation Layer |
________Establishes, manages, maintains, and terminates network connections (sessions) between nodes example:NFS (Network File System),RPC (Remote Procedure Call), ASP (AppleTalk Session Protocol) | Session layer 5 |
To ensure data integrity further, connection-oriented protocols such as TCP use a | checksum |
Every network type specifies a default MTU ( maximum transmission unit ), (though its size can be modified to some extent by a network administrator). For example, by default, Ethernet networks cannot accept packets with data payloads larger than | 1500 bytes |
The process of reconstructing the segmented data units is called | Reassembly |
The process of assigning a placeholder to each piece of a data block to allow the receiving node's Transport layer to reassemble the data in the correct order. is called | Sequencing. For sequencing to work properly, the Transport layer protocols of two nodes must synchronize their timing and agree on a starting point for the transmission. |
____ provide Reliability, Error notification and correction and Flow control by dividing the whole data cloud into smaller data streams (“Segmentation”) Also reassembles at destination (“Reassembly”) | Transport layer |
__________is the process of travels with data in the packet. example: IP, IXP | routed |
________used by routers to make best-path decisions (used to build the routing tBGPables) example: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, | Routing |
The _______Establishes and controls physical topology, creates frames, detects errors (but does not correct them), uses MAC Address | Data Link layer |
Physical addresses (also known as MAC addresses) are | 48- or 64-bit unique identifiers assigned to each network interface. |
________Concerned with “signals and media”…the hardware and physical connection. example: Coax, Twisted-Pair, Fiber, Wireless | Physical layer |
Connection-Oriented” (TCP) | Ensures that data arrives exactly as it was sent. Establishes connection before transmitting data |
Connectionless” (UDP) (live audio or video transmissions over the Internet) | No effort to ensure data delivered error-free
Does not establish connection before transmitting . Used in communications where “connections” ARE inherently established |
Handshaking | communications that occur between opposite ends of a line (uses sequencing numbers and acknowledgements) SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK |
________amount of data that can be transmitted at one time before receiving an acknowledgment from the destination | Window size |
__________structured package for moving data | Frame |
_________physical layout of computers on a network
Ring, Bus, Star, Mesh | Physical Topology |
architecture of a network…(Frame Types)
EX: Ethernet, Token Ring | Logical Topology |
___________Provides interface to Network layer protocols. Manages flow control. Issues requests for transmission for data that has suffered errors | Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer |
_______Manages access to physical layer. Appends destination computer’s physical address onto data frame. | Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer |
MAC addresses contain two parts: 1st six hexadecimal digits:
Block ID (or Vendor ID | Device ID: unique character sequence based on NIC’s model and manufacture date |
Please Do Not Throw , | Sausage Pizza Away |
The process of wrapping one layer's PDU with protocol information so that it can be interpreted by a lower layer. is called . | encapsulate: For example, Data Link layer protocols encapsulate Network layer packets in frames |
__________are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that stipulate how a particular product or service should be designed or performed | Standards |
ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
EIA | Electronic Industries Alliance |
TIA | Telecommunications Industry Association |
IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
ITU | International Telecommunication Union |
ISOC | Internet Society |
IANA | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |
ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |