Vitamin | Part of What Coenzyme(s)? | Type of Coenzyme/Function | Source in Diet | Deficiency + Symptoms |
Thiamine | TPP (Thiamine PyroPhosphate) | decarboxylase
-oxidative and non-oxidative DECARBOXYLATIONS
-remove CO2 or HCO3- | cereals, whole grains, meats, legumes | Beriberi:
weight loss, weakness, swelling (wet = circ problems; dry = extremity paralysis) |
Lipoic Acid | used with TPP | DECARBOXYLASE
-oxidative decarboxylations (does ox/red for TPP, 2H+/2e-)
-ALSO ACYL GROUP CARRIER (forms thioester with carboxyl) | green leafy vegetables and red meats | hard to establish deficiency |
Pantothenic Acid | CoA (CoASH, Coenzyme A) | ACYL CARRIER (BEST)
-acyl/acid transfers
(NEEDS ATP) | fucking everywhere! | hard to establish deficiency |
Pyridoxine (B6, PYRIDOXAL!) | PLP | transaminase
-transfers amine groups
-SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS
-acts as prosthetic group with LYSINE | ?? | hard to establish deficiency BUT...
-OD = neuro problems
-deficiency = skin dryness/rash
-NOTE: pts taking isoniazid/penicillamine/levodopa
-SHIFF BASES |
Biotin | ALWAYS A PROSTHETIC GROUP | CARBOXYLASE
-addition of CO2 or bicarb
-energy from ATP
-prosthetic group w/ lysine | abundant in almost all foods | hard to establish deficiency BUT
-patients who eat lots of raw egg whites (bodybuilders) |
Folic Acid | THF/THFA | -transfer of carbon units EXCEPT carboxyls
-methyl, methylene, formyl, formimino, methenyl
-PURINE/PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES
-conversion of U->T | green vegetables, grains, legumes | hard to establish deficiency
-SUPPLEMENTED in pregnant women |
Cobalamin (B12) | none | RECYCLING OF THF
+transfer of methyl groups
-synthesis of DNA, prod RBC, fatty acid metabolism, neuron function | ? | ? |
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C!) | none (derivative of glucose) | ? | fruits and vegetables | SCURVY |
Retinol (Vitamin A, fat-soluble) | none | proper eyesight, component of visual pigments in retina | meat, animal oils, carrots, mangos | "night blindness"
dry, flaky skin
-OD = blurred vision, dizziness, HA |
Calciferols (Vitamin D, fat-soluble) | none | absorption of calcium phosphate (BONES) | fish and fish oils, ADDED TO MILK | rickets
-softening and bowing of weight-carrying bones
-(SYNTHESIZED IN SKIN WITH SUNLIGHT) |
Tocopherols (Vitamin E, fat-soluble) | none | antioxidant!!
-neutralization of free radicals | wheat germ and nuts | hard to establish deficiency
-ODs rare |
Vitamin K (for the German "Koagulation") | none | enzymes in the clotting cascade (calcium binding) | green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils | impaired blood clot formation
-no documented ODs |
Niacin (Nicotinamide/Nicotinic Acid) | NAD+/NADH (catabolism, oxidation)
NADP+/NADPH (anabolism, reduction) | dehydrogenase (ox/red)
OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
"hydride carriers" (H-) | meat, nuts, bran | Pellagra:
diarrhea, skin ulcers, mental changes/disorders |
Riboflavin | FAD/FADH2
FMN/FMNH2 | (ox/red) of alkanes --> alkenes!
(free radical transfer, 2H+ and 2e-)
-oxidative pathways of carbs and fats | in almost all foods ("ubiquitous") | hard to establish deficiency |