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Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of : ____ and ____?
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Respiratory pressures are always described relative to ____ pressure (Patm)?
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Respiratory System
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of : ____ and ____? | Inspiration; expiration |
| Respiratory pressures are always described relative to ____ pressure (Patm)? | Atmospheric pressure |
| ____ ____ is the pressure exerted by the air (gases) surrounding the body? | Atmospheric pressure (Patm) |
| At sea level, atmospheric pressure (Patm) is ____mmHg=____atm? | 760 mmHg = 1 atm |
| What is negative respiratory pressure? Example: -4mmHg | Indicates that the pressure in that area is lower than the atmospheric pressure (Patm) |
| What is positive respiratory pressure? | Indicates that the pressure in that area is higher than the atmospheric pressure (Patm) |
| What is zero respiratory pressure? | Indicates that the pressure in that area is equal to the atmospheric pressure (Patm) |
| What is intrapulmonary pressure? | (Ppul) - The pressure in the alveoli |
| ____ pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but it always eventually equalizes with the ____ pressure? | Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul); atmospheric |
| What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)? | The pressure in the pleural cavity |
| Intrapleural pressure (Pip) fluctuates with breathing phases, but is always about ___mmHg, less than ____ pressure? | 4mmHg; intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) |
| (T/F) - (Pip) intrapleural pressure is always negative relative to (Ppul) intrapulmonary pressure? | True |
| When can intrapleural pressure become postitive pressure? (two causes) | Pneumothorax, pleural effusion |
| Both pneumothorax and pleural effusion put pressure on the lung, causing it to ____? | Collapse |
| Because of the ____, lungs always assume the smallest size possible? | Elasticity |
| The lungs natural tendency to recoil, and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid is how (positive / negative) intrapleural pressure is established? | Negative |
| What is transpulmonary pressure? | The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul-Pip) |
| The ____ pressure keeps the air spaces of the lungs open or keeps the lungs from collapsing? | Transpulmonary pressure |
| What is atelectasis? | If the intrapleural pressure equals the intrapulmonary pressure. AKA lung collapse |
| ____ ventilation, consisting of inspiration and expiration, is a mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity? | Pulmonary |
| Info: Volume changes lead to pressure changes, and pressure changes lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure. | |
| ____ law - the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume? | Boyle |
| The (larger / smaller) the volume the lesser the pressure? | Larger |
| This is the ____ step of inspiration: Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)? | First |
| This is the ____ step of inspiration: Thoracic cavity volume increases? | Second |
| This is the ____ step of inspiration: Lungs stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases? | Third |
| This is the ____ step of inspiration: Intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1mmHg)? | Fourth |
| This is the ____ step of inspiration: Air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)? | Fifth |
| This is the ____ step of expiration: Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)? | First |
| This is the ____ step of expiration: Thoracic cavity volume decreases? | Second |
| This is the ____ step of expiration: Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases? | Third |
| This is the ____ step of expiration: Intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1mmHg)? | Fourth |
| This is the ____ step of expiration: Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0? | Fifth |
| What are the three physical factors that influence ventilation? | Airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance |
| The major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow is ____ or ____ encountered in the respiratory passages? | Friction; drag |
| Info: Airway resistance - The gas flowing into and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the pressure gradient between the atmospheric pressure and the alveoli. | |
| Gas flow is inversely proportional to resistance (friction) - mainly determined by ____ of airways? | Diameter |
| Normally resistance is (significant / insignificant)? | Insignificant |
| What are two illness that increase airway resistance? | Asthma attacks, chronic bronchitis |
| ____ ____ is the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at the liquid-gas interface? | Surface tension |
| The liquid coating the alveolar surface is always acting to (increase/reduce) the alveoli to the (largest/smallest) possible size? | Reduce; smallest |
| ____ is a detergent-like complex, reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing? | Surfactant |
| When too (much/little) surfactant is present, surface tension forces can collapes alveoli. Once this happens, the alveoli must be completely reinflated during each inspiration, an effort that uses tremendous amounts of energy. | Little |
| Too little surfactant is a problem faced by newborns with ____ ____ ____ ____? | Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) |
| ____ ____ is a measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in the transpulmonary pressure? | Lung compliance |
| ____ ____ is the lungs ability to stretch? | Lung compliance |
| What are two factors that determine lung compliance? | Distensibility of the lung tissue & thoraciac wall; surface tension of the alveoli |
| Lungs of healthy people have a (low/hight) compliance? | High |
| Fibrosis (scarring) of lungs (increases/reduces) the distensibility of the lungs? | Reduces |
| (T/F) - Fibrosis can diminish lung compliance? | True |
| (Reduced/increased) surfactant can diminish lung compliance? | Reduced |
| (T/F) - Deformities of the thorax do not have an effet on lung compliance? | False - They do effect compliance |
| What is tidal volume - (TV)? | The air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath |
| What is the tidal volume (TV) amount? | 500 ml |
| What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? | Air that can be inspired forcibly over and above the tidal volume (TV) |
| What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? | 3000ml |
| What is the expriatory reserve volume (ERV)? | Air that can be expired from the lungs after a tidal expriation |
| What is the expriratory reserve volume (ERV) amount? | 1100ml |
| What is residual volume (RV)? | Air left in the lungs after forceful expiration. Helps to keeps the alveoli patent. |
| What is the residual volume (RV) amount? | 1200ml |
| What is inspiratory capacity (IC)? | The total volume of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration |
| What is the following formula: ___ = TV + IRV | Inspiratory capacity (IC) |
| What is functional residual capacity (FRC)? | The volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal tidal expiration |
| What is the following formula: ___ = RV +ERV | Functional residual capacity (FRC) |
| ____ capacity - The total amount of exchangable air? | Vital capacity (VC) |
| What is the approx vital capacity (VC) amount? | 4800 ml |
| What is the following formula: ___ = TV + IRV + ERV | Vital capacity (VC) |
| ____ capacity - The sum of all lung volumes? | Total lung capacity (TLC) |
| What is the total lung capacity (TLC) amount? | 6000 ml |
| What is the following formula: ___ = VC + RV | Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
| ____ ____ ____ - The volume of air in the conducting respiratory passages? | Anatomical dead space (nasal cavity --- terminal bronchioles) |
| What is the anatomical dead space amount? | 150 ml |
| Out of ___ ml of TV only ___ ml are involved in alveolar ventilation? | 500ml; 350ml |
| ____ ____ ____ - Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction? | Alveolar dead space |
| ____ ____ ____ - The sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces? | Total dead space |
| ____ - An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water? | Spirometer |
| What does a spirometer evaluate? | Respiratory function |
| A spirometer can distinguish between what two disorders? | Obstructive pulmonary disease; restrictive disorders |
| ____ ____ rate - The total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute? | Minute ventilation - 500ml x 12 = 6L/min |
| ____ ____ capacity - Gas forcibly & rapidly expelled after taking a deep breath? | Forced tidal capacity - FVC |
| ____ ____ volume - The amount of gas expelled during 1 sec? | Forced expiratory volume - FEV1 |
| A healthy person can expel ___% of FVC in 1 sec? | 80% |
| ____ ____ rate - Is a better index of effective ventilation than minute ventilation (takes into account dead space)? | Alveolar ventilation rate - AVR |
| ____ ____ ____ = 12 x (TV - dead space) = 4200ml/min | Alveolar ventilation rate - AVR |
| (Increasing/decreasing) the depth of breathing (increases/decreases) AVR? | Increasing; increases |
| In what condition is FEV decreased? | Obstructive disorder - effects expiration |
| ____ law of partial pressure - The total pressure excerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture? | Daltons |
| ____ ____ - The pressure that a particular gas exerts in a gas mixture? | Partial pressure |
| Which is more soluble in liquid: O2 or CO2? | CO2 - 20 times more soluble than O2 |
| How is alveolar air different from atmospheric air? | Atmospheric is mostly O2 and nitrogen; Alveoli contains more CO2 and water vapor and less O2 |
| ____ - The amount of gas reaching the alveoli? | Ventilation |
| ____ - The blood flow reaching the alveoli in the pulmonary capillaries? | Perfusion |
| (T/F) - Ventilation and perfusion must be matched for efficient gas exchange? | True |
| Oxygen is transported bound to mainly ____? | Hemoglobin |
| One molecule of hemoglobin can bind ___ molecules of oxygen? | Four |
| When 4 molecules of O2 are bound to hemoglobin this is called (saturated/unsaturated)? | Saturated |
| The binding affinity (attraction) of hemoglobin to oxygen changes with the degree of ____? | Saturation |
| The hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called ____ and is written as ____? | Oxyhemoglobin; HbO2 |
| Hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called ____ ____ or ____ and is written as ____? | Reduced hemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin; HHb |
| Loading and unloading O2 can be written as what reversible equation? | HHb + O2 (lungs-tissues) HbO2 + H+ |
| What is arterial PO2 and PCO2 amounts? | PO2: 100 mmHg PCO2: 40 mmHg |
| What is venous PO2 and PCO2 amounts? | PO2: 40 mmHg PCO2: 45 mmHg |
| With PO2 100 mmHg - arterial blood is ___ % saturated? | 98% |
| What factors influence the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen? | PCO2, temp, H+ - They decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen |
| How is CO2 transported in blood? | 70% is transported as bicarbonate ion (HCO3) in plasma |
| Where does O2 bind to hemoglobin? | Heme group |
| Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin? | Amino acids |
| What is another gas that binds to hemoglobin? | Carbon monoxide |
| (T/F) - Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen on hemoglobin and has 200 times more binding attraction for hemoglobin that oxygen? | True |
| What is the function of carbonic acid bicarbonate in the blood? | Acts as a buffer system that resists blood pH changes |
| How do buffers act - When the pH is going down? | They will release and bind H+ ions |
| How do buffers act - When the pH is going up? | The acid part of the buffer will release H+ ions |
| How will the lungs act if pH is going acidic (low pH)? | Deep, rapid breathing - trying to flush out CO2 |
| How will the lungs act if pH is going alkaline (high pH)? | Shallow, slow breathing - trying to accumulate CO2 |
| What part of the brain contains the respiratory center? | Medulla Oblongata |
| The (ventral/dorsal) respiratory group set the rhythm and drives respiration? | Ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
| (T/F) - The (DRG) contains groups of neurons that fire during inspiration and other that fire during expiration? | False - VRG |
| (T/F) - When its (expiratory) neurons fire it sends impulses along the phrenic and intercostal nerves that act on the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles? | False - inspiratory |
| Of (CO2, O2, arterial pH), which is the most important in changing the reate and depth of breathing in a healthy person? | CO2 |
| A person suffering COPD, (CO2, O2, aterial pH) whichis the most important in changing rate and depth of breathing? What is this called? | Low O2; Hypoxic drive |
| Sensors responding to chemical fluctuations are called ____? | Chemoreceptors |
| Where are the central chemoreceptors located? | Medulla in the brain stem |
| Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? | Aortic arch, carotid arteries |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to which of the three stimuli? | All 3 - high CO2, low O2, low arterial pH |
| Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to which of the three stimuli? | High CO2 |
| ____ is when PCO2 levels rise? | Hypercapnia |
| Hypercapnia results in (increased/decreased) depth & rate of breathing? | Increased |
| PCO2 is the (most/least) powerful stimulus for respiration? | Most |
| ____ - Increased rate and depth of breathing, occurs in response to hypercapnia? | Hyperventilation |
| ____ - Slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low PCO2 levels? | Hypoventilation |
| Substantial drops in arterial PO2 to ___ mmHg are needed before oxygen levels become a major stimulus to increase ventilation? Why? | 60 mmHg; Hb is well saturated with O2 |
| People with emphysema and chronic bronchitis, CO2 is not removed and their chemoreceptors become unresponsive to ____? What is this called? | PCO2; Hypoxic drive |
| People that respond to hypoxic drive, what is their primary respiratory stimulus? | PO2 |
| (T/F) - Hering-Breuer prevents lung over inflation? | True |
Created by:
kmking
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