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Respiratory System

Physiology

QuestionAnswer
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of : ____ and ____? Inspiration; expiration
Respiratory pressures are always described relative to ____ pressure (Patm)? Atmospheric pressure
____ ____ is the pressure exerted by the air (gases) surrounding the body? Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
At sea level, atmospheric pressure (Patm) is ____mmHg=____atm? 760 mmHg = 1 atm
What is negative respiratory pressure? Example: -4mmHg Indicates that the pressure in that area is lower than the atmospheric pressure (Patm)
What is positive respiratory pressure? Indicates that the pressure in that area is higher than the atmospheric pressure (Patm)
What is zero respiratory pressure? Indicates that the pressure in that area is equal to the atmospheric pressure (Patm)
What is intrapulmonary pressure? (Ppul) - The pressure in the alveoli
____ pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but it always eventually equalizes with the ____ pressure? Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul); atmospheric
What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)? The pressure in the pleural cavity
Intrapleural pressure (Pip) fluctuates with breathing phases, but is always about ___mmHg, less than ____ pressure? 4mmHg; intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
(T/F) - (Pip) intrapleural pressure is always negative relative to (Ppul) intrapulmonary pressure? True
When can intrapleural pressure become postitive pressure? (two causes) Pneumothorax, pleural effusion
Both pneumothorax and pleural effusion put pressure on the lung, causing it to ____? Collapse
Because of the ____, lungs always assume the smallest size possible? Elasticity
The lungs natural tendency to recoil, and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid is how (positive / negative) intrapleural pressure is established? Negative
What is transpulmonary pressure? The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul-Pip)
The ____ pressure keeps the air spaces of the lungs open or keeps the lungs from collapsing? Transpulmonary pressure
What is atelectasis? If the intrapleural pressure equals the intrapulmonary pressure. AKA lung collapse
____ ventilation, consisting of inspiration and expiration, is a mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity? Pulmonary
Info: Volume changes lead to pressure changes, and pressure changes lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure.
____ law - the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume? Boyle
The (larger / smaller) the volume the lesser the pressure? Larger
This is the ____ step of inspiration: Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)? First
This is the ____ step of inspiration: Thoracic cavity volume increases? Second
This is the ____ step of inspiration: Lungs stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases? Third
This is the ____ step of inspiration: Intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1mmHg)? Fourth
This is the ____ step of inspiration: Air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)? Fifth
This is the ____ step of expiration: Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)? First
This is the ____ step of expiration: Thoracic cavity volume decreases? Second
This is the ____ step of expiration: Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases? Third
This is the ____ step of expiration: Intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1mmHg)? Fourth
This is the ____ step of expiration: Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0? Fifth
What are the three physical factors that influence ventilation? Airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance
The major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow is ____ or ____ encountered in the respiratory passages? Friction; drag
Info: Airway resistance - The gas flowing into and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the pressure gradient between the atmospheric pressure and the alveoli.
Gas flow is inversely proportional to resistance (friction) - mainly determined by ____ of airways? Diameter
Normally resistance is (significant / insignificant)? Insignificant
What are two illness that increase airway resistance? Asthma attacks, chronic bronchitis
____ ____ is the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at the liquid-gas interface? Surface tension
The liquid coating the alveolar surface is always acting to (increase/reduce) the alveoli to the (largest/smallest) possible size? Reduce; smallest
____ is a detergent-like complex, reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing? Surfactant
When too (much/little) surfactant is present, surface tension forces can collapes alveoli. Once this happens, the alveoli must be completely reinflated during each inspiration, an effort that uses tremendous amounts of energy. Little
Too little surfactant is a problem faced by newborns with ____ ____ ____ ____? Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
____ ____ is a measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in the transpulmonary pressure? Lung compliance
____ ____ is the lungs ability to stretch? Lung compliance
What are two factors that determine lung compliance? Distensibility of the lung tissue & thoraciac wall; surface tension of the alveoli
Lungs of healthy people have a (low/hight) compliance? High
Fibrosis (scarring) of lungs (increases/reduces) the distensibility of the lungs? Reduces
(T/F) - Fibrosis can diminish lung compliance? True
(Reduced/increased) surfactant can diminish lung compliance? Reduced
(T/F) - Deformities of the thorax do not have an effet on lung compliance? False - They do effect compliance
What is tidal volume - (TV)? The air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
What is the tidal volume (TV) amount? 500 ml
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? Air that can be inspired forcibly over and above the tidal volume (TV)
What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? 3000ml
What is the expriatory reserve volume (ERV)? Air that can be expired from the lungs after a tidal expriation
What is the expriratory reserve volume (ERV) amount? 1100ml
What is residual volume (RV)? Air left in the lungs after forceful expiration. Helps to keeps the alveoli patent.
What is the residual volume (RV) amount? 1200ml
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)? The total volume of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
What is the following formula: ___ = TV + IRV Inspiratory capacity (IC)
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)? The volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal tidal expiration
What is the following formula: ___ = RV +ERV Functional residual capacity (FRC)
____ capacity - The total amount of exchangable air? Vital capacity (VC)
What is the approx vital capacity (VC) amount? 4800 ml
What is the following formula: ___ = TV + IRV + ERV Vital capacity (VC)
____ capacity - The sum of all lung volumes? Total lung capacity (TLC)
What is the total lung capacity (TLC) amount? 6000 ml
What is the following formula: ___ = VC + RV Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
____ ____ ____ - The volume of air in the conducting respiratory passages? Anatomical dead space (nasal cavity --- terminal bronchioles)
What is the anatomical dead space amount? 150 ml
Out of ___ ml of TV only ___ ml are involved in alveolar ventilation? 500ml; 350ml
____ ____ ____ - Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction? Alveolar dead space
____ ____ ____ - The sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces? Total dead space
____ - An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water? Spirometer
What does a spirometer evaluate? Respiratory function
A spirometer can distinguish between what two disorders? Obstructive pulmonary disease; restrictive disorders
____ ____ rate - The total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute? Minute ventilation - 500ml x 12 = 6L/min
____ ____ capacity - Gas forcibly & rapidly expelled after taking a deep breath? Forced tidal capacity - FVC
____ ____ volume - The amount of gas expelled during 1 sec? Forced expiratory volume - FEV1
A healthy person can expel ___% of FVC in 1 sec? 80%
____ ____ rate - Is a better index of effective ventilation than minute ventilation (takes into account dead space)? Alveolar ventilation rate - AVR
____ ____ ____ = 12 x (TV - dead space) = 4200ml/min Alveolar ventilation rate - AVR
(Increasing/decreasing) the depth of breathing (increases/decreases) AVR? Increasing; increases
In what condition is FEV decreased? Obstructive disorder - effects expiration
____ law of partial pressure - The total pressure excerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture? Daltons
____ ____ - The pressure that a particular gas exerts in a gas mixture? Partial pressure
Which is more soluble in liquid: O2 or CO2? CO2 - 20 times more soluble than O2
How is alveolar air different from atmospheric air? Atmospheric is mostly O2 and nitrogen; Alveoli contains more CO2 and water vapor and less O2
____ - The amount of gas reaching the alveoli? Ventilation
____ - The blood flow reaching the alveoli in the pulmonary capillaries? Perfusion
(T/F) - Ventilation and perfusion must be matched for efficient gas exchange? True
Oxygen is transported bound to mainly ____? Hemoglobin
One molecule of hemoglobin can bind ___ molecules of oxygen? Four
When 4 molecules of O2 are bound to hemoglobin this is called (saturated/unsaturated)? Saturated
The binding affinity (attraction) of hemoglobin to oxygen changes with the degree of ____? Saturation
The hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called ____ and is written as ____? Oxyhemoglobin; HbO2
Hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called ____ ____ or ____ and is written as ____? Reduced hemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin; HHb
Loading and unloading O2 can be written as what reversible equation? HHb + O2 (lungs-tissues) HbO2 + H+
What is arterial PO2 and PCO2 amounts? PO2: 100 mmHg PCO2: 40 mmHg
What is venous PO2 and PCO2 amounts? PO2: 40 mmHg PCO2: 45 mmHg
With PO2 100 mmHg - arterial blood is ___ % saturated? 98%
What factors influence the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen? PCO2, temp, H+ - They decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
How is CO2 transported in blood? 70% is transported as bicarbonate ion (HCO3) in plasma
Where does O2 bind to hemoglobin? Heme group
Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin? Amino acids
What is another gas that binds to hemoglobin? Carbon monoxide
(T/F) - Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen on hemoglobin and has 200 times more binding attraction for hemoglobin that oxygen? True
What is the function of carbonic acid bicarbonate in the blood? Acts as a buffer system that resists blood pH changes
How do buffers act - When the pH is going down? They will release and bind H+ ions
How do buffers act - When the pH is going up? The acid part of the buffer will release H+ ions
How will the lungs act if pH is going acidic (low pH)? Deep, rapid breathing - trying to flush out CO2
How will the lungs act if pH is going alkaline (high pH)? Shallow, slow breathing - trying to accumulate CO2
What part of the brain contains the respiratory center? Medulla Oblongata
The (ventral/dorsal) respiratory group set the rhythm and drives respiration? Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
(T/F) - The (DRG) contains groups of neurons that fire during inspiration and other that fire during expiration? False - VRG
(T/F) - When its (expiratory) neurons fire it sends impulses along the phrenic and intercostal nerves that act on the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles? False - inspiratory
Of (CO2, O2, arterial pH), which is the most important in changing the reate and depth of breathing in a healthy person? CO2
A person suffering COPD, (CO2, O2, aterial pH) whichis the most important in changing rate and depth of breathing? What is this called? Low O2; Hypoxic drive
Sensors responding to chemical fluctuations are called ____? Chemoreceptors
Where are the central chemoreceptors located? Medulla in the brain stem
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? Aortic arch, carotid arteries
Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to which of the three stimuli? All 3 - high CO2, low O2, low arterial pH
Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to which of the three stimuli? High CO2
____ is when PCO2 levels rise? Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia results in (increased/decreased) depth & rate of breathing? Increased
PCO2 is the (most/least) powerful stimulus for respiration? Most
____ - Increased rate and depth of breathing, occurs in response to hypercapnia? Hyperventilation
____ - Slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low PCO2 levels? Hypoventilation
Substantial drops in arterial PO2 to ___ mmHg are needed before oxygen levels become a major stimulus to increase ventilation? Why? 60 mmHg; Hb is well saturated with O2
People with emphysema and chronic bronchitis, CO2 is not removed and their chemoreceptors become unresponsive to ____? What is this called? PCO2; Hypoxic drive
People that respond to hypoxic drive, what is their primary respiratory stimulus? PO2
(T/F) - Hering-Breuer prevents lung over inflation? True
Created by: kmking
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