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CDIS Chapter 3.
Question | Answer |
---|---|
anterior | toward the front |
posterior | toward the back |
ventral | toward the abdomen |
dorsal | toward the back |
superior | toward the top |
inferior | toward the bottom |
proximal | toward the body |
distal | away from the body |
medial | toward the middle |
lateral | toward the side |
afferent | toward the nervous system |
efferent | away from the nervous system |
CNS includes | brain and spinal cord |
PNS includes... | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord |
cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord |
spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord |
sensory information travels.. | to the brain |
motor information travels... | away from the brain |
neurons | highly specialized cells that make up the nervous system and carry its sensory and motor information |
dendrites | bring nerve impulses into the cell body |
axons | take nerve impulses away from the cell body |
synapse | space where two neurons meet |
neurotransmitters | chemical agents in the brain that help carry information across the synaptic cleft |
mylin sheath | a coating around the axon which helps increase the speed at which an impulse travels across a nerve |
meninges | three membranes that line the skull and enclose the brain and spinal cord |
what are the 3 meninges | pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater |
What are the 3 things that protect the CNS | Bone, meninges and fluid |
cardiac center | controls the heart |
vasomotor center | controls the blood vessles |
respiratory center | controls breathing |
cerebellum | regulates motor and muscular activity (coordination and balance) |
cerebrum | thinking, problem solving |
insular cortex | "5th lobe" involved in consciousness |
parietal lobe | sensory and perceptual information, and comprehending oral and written language |
temporal lobe | auditory perception, memory, speech * |
heschl's gyrus | auditory cortex |
wernicke's area | language comprehension |
occipital lobe | visual information |
what are the organization principles of the brain | interconnectedness, hierarchy, specialization |
contralaterality | bodily sense are processed on opposite sides of the brain |
spoken language involves | respiratin, phonation, articulation |
parts of the upper respiratory system | trachea, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity |
lower respiratory system | lungs, bronchi, alveoli |
thorax | skeleton of the chest |
pleura | thin sac that attaches to the inner side of the thorax and outer side of the lungs |
primary muscles | involved in restful breathing |
secondary muscles | forced inspiration |
trachea | cartilage tube that runs from oral cavity to lungs |
resonance | airflow's ongoing vibration as it moves through the pharynx |
articulation | the act of manipulating airflow submitted by the phonatory system to create highly precise speech sounds |
auricle | visible portion of outer ear |
EAC | external auditory canal- conducts sound waves inward |
tympanic membrane | serves as a loudspeaker |
eustachian tube | serves as a pressure equalizing tube (PET) |
3 bones in the middle ear | malleus, incus, stapes |
ossicular chain | 3 bones connected (vibrations are carried along as mechanical energy) |
inner ear | fluid filled cavity that resides deep inside the temporal bone |
3 major cavities in the inner ear | vestibule, semicircular canal, cochlea |
tonotopic organization | basilar membrane organized by frequency- high to low |
3 layers of the tympanic membrane | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
2 regions of the tympanic membrane | pars flaccida, pars tensa |
impedance | the sensitivity in the fluid versus air and how well sound waves travel through it * |