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Physio Ch. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atoms consist of | protons, neutrons and electrons |
| protons have a..and are located in the... | positive charge...nucleus |
| neutrons have a...and are in the... | neutral charge...nucleus |
| electrons have a...and are located in the... | negative charge...orbitals around the nucleus |
| elements | atoms with same properties |
| ions are | atoms with a charge |
| cations | postive charge |
| anion | negative charge |
| electrolytes are ions in the...which basically means they are... | plasma, exchanged w/ cells and interstitial fluid...in circulation |
| molecules are bonds between | 2 similar atoms |
| molecules are put together via | covalent and ionic bonds |
| covalent bonds require | 2 or more atoms to share electrons |
| ionic bonds require | 2 atoms to form ions and their charges attract one another |
| compounds are | 2 or more different types of atoms put together |
| free radicals have | extra energy |
| free radicals can be beneficial in the... | immune system by destroying pathogens and bad cells |
| free radicals are harmufl because they can | disrupt DNA and cell membranes |
| free radicals examples would be | vitamin c and antioxidants |
| polar molecules have a...like... | slight seperation in charge...h2o (hydrogen is slightly + and o is slightly -) |
| polar covalent bonds are very...and are located... | strong...within molecules |
| hydrogen bonds are...between... | weak bonds...2 different molecules |
| hydrogen bonds between molecules would be | water |
| hydrogen bonds within molecules would be | proteins |
| water can be put together via | covalent bonds, polar bonds, hydrogen bonds between molecules |
| hydrolysis reactions use water to | split a molecule (catabolism) |
| dehydration or condensation reactions...water... | take...out to put something together (anabolism) |
| solutions consist of | solute, solvent and solubility |
| concentration of solutions is measured as | amount of solute per unit solvent (moles per liter) |
| moles are always | 6 x 10^23 atoms or molecules |
| moles depend on the | atomic weight of atoms |
| molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of | atomic weights of all atoms in molecule |
| solubility in water, a solute can be... | hydrophilic, hydrophobic or amphipathic |
| hydrophobic means that the solute...and would be bonded via... | loves water...polar or ionic bonds |
| hydrophobic solutes are...and would be bonded via... | water hating...non polar bonds |
| amphipathic means that the solute has | one end hydrophilic and the other hydrophobic |
| examples of amphipathic things | phospholipids and proteins |
| acids are measured as | hydrogen content |
| acids release a | free H+ |
| HCl-> | H+ + Cl- |
| H2CO3 (carbonic acid)<-> | H+ + HCO3-(bicarbonate) |
| bases release...or can accept... | free OH-...H+ |
| NaOH -> | Na+ + OH- |
| pH is measured on a scale from...to... | 0-14 |
| o-7 is... | acidic like stomach pH 2 |
| 7 = | neutral |
| above 7-14 is | basic (alkaline) |
| blood pH is | 7.35-7.45 |
| pH = | -log[H+] |
| [H+] = 10-5mol/L | pH 5 |
| each step in pH is a... | tenfold change in [H+] |
| major elements of organic molecules | C, N, O, H, S |
| organic molecules are bonded through | covalent bonds |
| organic molecules are build from | macromolecules made up of monomers |
| oranic molcules undergo | dehydration or synthesis reactions |
| organic molecules are broken down via | hydrolysis reactions |
| major classes of organic molcules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| carbohydrates have a... | carbon backbone |
| carbohydrates are made up of | hydrated carbon atoms |
| carbos have either... | monosaccharide, disaccharide (dehydration) or polysaccharide (dehydration) |
| carbos function to | provide energy or quick fuel for ATP |
| carbos convert glucose to | glycogen for storage in the liver |
| lipids are made up of | C, H and some other elements like O and P |
| lipids are...and low... | nonpolar...water solubility |
| types of lipids | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and steriods |
| fatty acids are made of a | hydrocarbon chain |
| fatty acids are | building blocks for other lipids |
| fatty acids do somne | cell regulation |
| triglycerides are made of | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| triglycerides are used for | energy storage in adipose tissue |
| triglycerides are a problem in | blood vessels |
| phospholipids are made of | glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (-) |
| phospholipids are considered | amphipathic |
| phospholipids make up the | cell membrane |
| steriods have the unique | ring structure |
| proteins are made up of | C H N O |
| proteins have...monomers | amino acids |
| polypeptides are put together via | dehydration or condensation reactions |
| primary protein structure | which and in what order |
| secondary protein structure | conformation of amino acids into helix or sheet |
| tertiary structure of proteins | 3D shape |
| quarternary structure of proteins | multimeric proteins like hemoglobin |
| protein's structure is for... | skeletal muscles |
| proteins...enzymes | regulate |
| protines also do | movement |
| nucleic acids are made of | nucletide monomers |
| nucleotide monomers consist of | phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base |
| nucleotides are put together via | dehydration and condensation reactions |
| DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid contains the | genetic material that tells cells how to make proteins and regulates when things happen in the cell |
| DNA has the...which is made up of... | double helix...phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and complementary bases |
| DNA adenine goes with...and cytosine goes with.. | thymine...guanine |
| RNA or ribonucleic acid performs | protein synthesis |
| RNA has just a...made up of... | singe strand...phosphate, ribose sugar and adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine |
| 3 types of RNA | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| ATP or adenosine triphosphate is made up of | 1 nucleotide so its very small |
| atp consists of | 3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar and adenine base |
| other organics are considered | combination molecules |
| glycoproteins are made of | carbos bonded to amino acid side chains |
| glycolipids are | carbos bonded to lipids |
| glycoproteins and glycolipids are | cell markers |
Created by:
handrzej
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