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Physio Ch. 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diffusion | movement of substances from high to low concentration |
| diffusion occurs in all | states of matter |
| molecular movement is | random and always moving even once equilibrium is met |
| net movement is | directional |
| flux | rate of movement: amt/unittime |
| net flux | compares the movenemtn between two compartments |
| diffusion equilibrium; net flux=...and...stilloccurs | 0...movement |
| factors affecting flux; temperature | increase temp, increase flux |
| increase molecular mass | decrease diffusion |
| increase surface area for diffusion | increase flux |
| increase difference in concentration between two areas | increase flux |
| density of medium | less dense = more flux |
| chemical composition | someimtes there is an electtrical attraction/repulsion between medium and molecules |
| ficks law | j is proportional to gradientXareaXtemp/(distXmw) |
| time to diffuse | increases proportionally to the square of the distance |
| humans can't rely on...so we have specialized systems for...such as... | simple diffusion...access and long distance transport...cardiovascular system |
| diffusion through a membrane can be either | permeable or selectively permeable |
| permeable means the solute can | freely pass through the membrane |
| selectively permeable means that | certain solutes can enter while others can't |
| what determines permeability of a membrane | membrane structure and chemical makeup of solute |
| phospholipid bilayer is permeable to | non-polar |
| solute size | larger size decreases solubility |
| most soluble | small, lipid soluble molecules |
| least soluble | large, lipid insoluble molecules |
| permeability constant P | for a particular molecule, given temp, particular membrane flux J = P*A*(C0-C1) |
| lipid bilayer; nonpolar molecules have a higher | P through a lipid bilayr than polar because its phospholipid and has a hydrophobic interior |
| 4 molecules that pass through the membrane easily | o2, co2, fatty acids and steriods |
| protein channels; ions have | a higher than expected P through cell membranes |
| P for a particular ion...based on... | varies among cells...composition of protein channels and ion selectivity |
| membrane potential is the | difference in charge between inside and outside of cell |
| inside has high | K+ and proteins (neg) |
| outside has high | Na+ |
| the inside is... | neg relative to the outside |
| how does this affect movement of ions | Na+ wants to go in based on its chemical and electrical concentrations |
| electrochemical gradient is the balance between | concentration gradient and electrical gradient |
| regulation of channels (4 types) | ligand, voltage, mechanically, temp |
| ligand gated | changes shape to open/close when bonded |
| voltage gated | action potentials |
| mechanicallly gated | pressure and vibration |
| hormones belong to which gate | ligand |
| mediated transport requires | transporters via integral proteins |
| in mediated transport, channels become | transporters (stairs to elevator) |
| the binding site in mediated transport depends on the | chemical specificity, conformation change and limited rate of transport |
| limited rate of transport depends on | solute concentration and affinity, # of transporters, rate of conformational change |
| facilitated diffusion: flux | follows electrochemical gradient |
| facilitated diffusion requires a...does not use...and its movement is toward... | protein transporter...atp...equilibrium |
| active transport: flux is....transporters become...something is needed and it allows.... | against chemical gradient...pumps...atp...stockpiling |
| active transport: primary uses the | na/k atpase pump |
| steps in na/k atpase pump | na binds, phosphorylates itself, conformational change, k binds, dephosphorylates, conformational change |
| purpose of the na/k atpase pump is to maintain | electrochemical gradient |
| ca atpase pump is used for | muscle relaxation |
| ca atpase pump is in the | cell membrane and ER/sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| h atpase pump makes...in the... | ATB...mitochondria |
| h/k atpase pump gets...into the...by... | acid into stomach and kidneys...manipulating hydrogen and K concentrations |
| secondary active transport | does not require ATP, but requires primary to occur first |
| secondary transport maintains the...and has... | electrochemical gradient...binding sites (ion and solute to transport) |
| in secondary transport Na | follows its gradient |
| the solute in secondary transport is transported | against gradient (uses the movement of Na) |
| cotransport (2nd transport) goes in the | same direction |
| na+/glucosen (cotransport) | glucose from gut to cell or glucose from glomerular filtrate to cell |
| countertransport (2nd transprt) | opposite direction |
| countertransport: na/ca | na follows gradient, ca goes against, ca from inside to outside of cell |
| direction of movement through ion channels (na, k, cl, ca) | na=in, k=out, cl=in, ca=in |
| direction of movement of ions in primary active transport (na, k, h, ca) | na=out, k=in, h=out, ca=out |
| direction of movement of ions in secondary active transport (na, ca) | na=in, ca=out |
| osmosis | net diffusion of a solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane |
| osmosis is considered a | special case of diffusion |
| osmosis uses...which are... | aquaporins...protein channels |
| which system has a lot of aquaporins? | renal |
| osmolarity is the | number of particles in solution |
| solute concentration of a solution | increase solute decreases concentration of solvent |
| osmole is = to | 1 mole of solute particles per liter of solvent |
| 1 l pure water =... and...osm which means... | 55.5 moles water...0...no solute in 1 liter of solvent |
| 1mol/L solution of glucose and water = ...mole of glucose +...moles of water | 1...54.5 |
| 1mol/L solution of glucose and water=...osm which means...mole of solute in 1 liter of solution | 1....1 |
| 1 mol/L of solution NaCl and water= how many osmoles? how many moles? | 2 osmoles(na and cl) and 53.5 moles of water...2 moles of solute |
| 2 mol/L solution of 1M glucose, 1 M NaCl and water= how many osm? | 3 (na, cl, glucose + 52.5 moles of water) |
| consequences of osmolarity: if a cell has a permeable membrane... | equilibrium and equal volumes |
| consequences of osmolarity: if a cell has a semipermeable membrane... | equilibrium but unequal volumes (doesn't allow solute to go through) |
| penetrating solutes can...like... | cross the cell membrane...urea |
| nonpenetrating solutes cannot...like... | cross the cell membrane...large polar molecules or molecules without a protein transporter |
| nonpenetrating solutes can... | cross the cell membrane through leak channels but are actively transported in the opposite direction by pumps |
| consequences of osmolarity for cells: tonicity counts only | nonpenetrating solutes |
| hypertonic solution | osmolarity of solution of nonpenetrating solutes > osmolarity of cell |
| osmolarity of cell = | 300 mOsm |
| hypertonic solutions makes water move | out of cell (crenation) |
| isotonic solution means that the osmolarity of the solution.. | equals the osmolarity of the cell |
| isotonic solution results in | nothing |
| hypotonic solution means the osmolarity of the solution is | < osmolarity of thecell |
| hypotonic solutions make water | go into the cell and it swells |
| consequences of TOTAL osmolarity for cells (penetrating and non) | hyperosmotic, isoosmotic, hypoosmotic |
| hyperosmotic solution means the osmolarity of the solution of penetrating and nonpenetrating is | > osmolarity of cell |
| hyperosmotic solutions can also be | hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic |
| isoosmotic solutions have an osmolarity of penetrating and non that | equals osmolarity of cell |
| isoosmotic cells can be | isotonic or hypotonic |
| hypoosmotic solutions have an osmolarity of penetrating and non that is | < osmolarity of cell |
| hypoosmotic solutions can only also be | hypotonic |
| endo and exocytosis is when things are | packaged to be brought in or taken out of a cell |
| endocytosis consists of | pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
| pinocytosis consists of | fluid endocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis |
| receptor mediated endocytosis brings in molecules that are | bound to receptors and some fluid |
| phagocytosis | large particles, little fluid (macrophages) |
| exocytosis is...through. | cell secretion...lysosomes and golgi secretory vesicles |
| exocytosis leads to | cell membrane growth |
| epithelial transport: epithelial cells are on the | apical membrane, luminal or mucosal membrane |
| epithelial cells are also on the | basolateral or serosal membrane |
| epithelial transport and Na | apical channel -> basolateral active transport (primary) |
| solute x in epithelial transport | apical transporter -> basolateral transporter |
| solute x: other associated transport | secondary active trasnport |
| transport of material through epithelium occurs through two pathways | paracellular and transcellular |
| paracellular is | between cells |
| transcellular is | through cells |
| transcellular pathways are from one cavity... | through a cell into another cavity |
| examples of transcellular pathways: glucose:... | gut to columnar epithelium to interstitium to capillary |
| another example: glucose to | glomerular filtrate to columnar epithelium to interstitium to capillary |
| another example: water | will follow overall solute movement |
Created by:
handrzej
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