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a group of organism that interact. Species that occur at any particular locality. Characterized by their constituent species
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examine the total number of species that a community contains. The number of species present. Characterized by their Properties.
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Unit 4 - Chap 57
Community Interaction
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| a group of organism that interact. Species that occur at any particular locality. Characterized by their constituent species | community (p220) |
| examine the total number of species that a community contains. The number of species present. Characterized by their Properties. | species richness (p220) |
| community that are rich in species | tropical communities |
| the amount of energy produced | primary productivity (p220) |
| spider community; species included are only a portion of those present within the entire community. | assemblage (p220) |
| a community is simply an aggregation/combination of species that happen to occur together at one place | individualistic concept (p220) |
| communities are integrated unit. Superorganism communities who constituent species have coevolved to the extent that they function as part of a greater who, just as the kidneys, heart, and lungs all function together within a body. | holistic concept (p220) |
| environment changes abruptly. Ex: interface between terrestrial and aquatic habitats or where grassland and forest meet. | ecotones (p221) |
| diminish the richness in a local area by reducing the chances of migration | topgraphic |
| categories of species richness | 1. biotic (organismal) 2. abiotic (non-organismal) |
| interaction among the species themselves and the complexity of the environment that promotes diversity in the tropics | biotic |
| example of biotic hypotesis | animal-pollination model |
| differences in environmental characteristics drive the system and result in parallel changes in species richness | abiotic |
| winds are less frequent and intense in the tropic | animal-pollination |
| example of abiotic | productivity model |
| the greater the productivity of a region, the greater the amount of plant and animal material that can be produced and the greater the number of niches and species it can support | productivity model |
| incorporates both the number and abundance of a given species | species diversity |
| number of individuals per given species | abundance |
| measure species diversity | indices |
| measure of comparison | index |
| primarily insluenced by the number and abundance of common species and less by the number abundance of rare species | dominance indices |
| rank the importance of a species as well as its abundance in the environment | ordinal indices |
| positive effect, negative effect, and neutral effect | type of interspecific interactions |
| effect leading to an increased reproductive success among individuals | positive effect |
| effect leading to a decreased reproductive success among individuals | negative effect |
| a genetic change in two species as a result of their interactions with one another. The process by which these adaptations are selected in lockstep fashion in tow or more interacting species | > coevolution |
| one species greatly benefits at the expense of a second species | predator prey |
| carnivore, cannibalism, herbivory, and parasitism | type of predator prey |
| animals feeding on herbivores or other carnivores | carnivory |
| predator and prey are the same species | cannibalism |
| animals feeding on plants | herbivory |
| animals or plants feeding on other organisms without killing them. | parasitism |
| coloration that advertises a distasteful or toxic prey. Ex: Monarch butterflies accumulate poison from milkweek plants | aposematic coloration |
| animals that look, sound and behave like another animal. Ex: venomous coral snakes and the innocuous mile snakes | mimicry |
| development of a "frozen posture" so that the prey species is camouflaged aganist its background. Ex: Chameleons skin adjust to it's background | crypsis |
| behavior on part of the prey species to decrease the likelihood of a predator attacking. Ex: toads swallow air to appear larger | intimidating displays |
| when genes arise in a population such that there is more that one distinct physical type within a pre species. | polymorphisms |
| chemicals that can be excreted to ward off potential predators. Ex: toad have salivary glands that are nosious to predators | chemical defenses |
| the synchronized production of all preyoung within a short time period such that a predator is satiated and cannot eat all of the young | masting |
| most common antipredatory defense mechanism used by prey | chemical defense |
| both species are interacting to obtain resources and the interaction can be highly detrimental to both species | competition interaction |
| organisms interact in order to gain access to resources or mates | resource competition |
| physical interactions over access to resources - such as fighting to defend a territory or displacing an individual from a particular location. | > interference competition |
| 1) consumptive or exploitative 2) Preemptive 3) Overgrowth | type of Resources Competition |
| Consuming the same resources. Individuals compete for resources such as food and water. | > consumptive / exploitative |
| individuals compete for space | preemptive |
| one species is overgrowing or blocking the light for another species | overgrowth |
| - Chemical - Territorial - Encounter | interference competition |
| competition which uses the production of toxins | chemical competition |
| behaviors such as fighting used to defend space | territorial competition |
| temporary, infrequent interactions directly competing for a specific resource. | encounter competition |
| most common competition (about 37%) | exploitative competition |
| competition most often used by sessile (non-moving) organism | preemptive and over growth competition |
| competition used by active mobile organisms | territorial and encounter competition |
| predator, prey, or species that in some way modify their habitat | keystone species |
| example of keystone predator | certain starfish and sea otter |
| any event, whether biotic or abiotic which disrupts a community and its current structure | ecological disturbance |
| the sequence of chance that emerges as a result of the disturbance | ecological succession |
| - after a fire, small grasses and abundant wildflowers may bloom and cover the ground. - As the flowers fade away taller grasses and small shrubs may make an appearance along with the seedlings of small trees - return of the forest | ecological succession |
| the pattern of recolonization by organisms | succession |
| events such as fire, storms, overgrazing and erosion | disturbances |
| an invasion of plants into an area where no plants have gone before. progression of organisms on continents, islands and the oceans floor | primary succession |
| disturbance destroys the organisms within an area but leaves the soil intact. temporal "blip" | secondary succession |
| a group of individuals of the same species | population |
| early views of succession believed that the organisms were replaced through. argues that the presence of the first organisms somehow prepares the environment and makes it easier for succeeding organisms to inhabit the land | facilitation |
| Ex: an invading plant that fixes nitrogen in a nitrogen poor soit | facilitation process |
| - most extreme form of facilitation - the survival of a particular species depends upon the colonization of an earlier species | enablement |
| the presence of a first species actually prevents the development of certain subsequent organisms. | inhibition |
| species can start the colonization process. | tolerance succession |
| species who are not easily replaced tend to dominate an older mature ecosystem | climax community |
| ecosystems can show a mix of | succession processes and herbivory |
| alter patterns of succession | disease and human interference |
| methods to test inherent stability | - measure how well a community resists change - measure how well a community bounces back after a disturbance |
| - apply a force or presure - see if the community changes - repeat this experiment in differenct communities | Measure how well a community resists change |
| - determine a stable point where the population levels of different species appear unchanging - apply a force or presure - measure the time it takes for a community to return to its original stable point - repeat the experiment in different communities | Community Resilience |
| lakes tend to be weakly resistant and weakly resilient since there is no easy way to wash pollutants away. | patterns of disturbance |
| interactions that affect the population biology of particular species | > predation and mutualism |
| the total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment. Ex: space utilization, food consumption, temperature range, appropriate conditions for mating, requirements for moisture, and other factors | niche (p222) |
| two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough of the resource to satisfy both. | interspecific competition (p222) |
| the entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits and resource needs. | > fundamental niche |
| the actual set of environmental conditions including the presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population. | > realized niche |
| two specie are competing for a limited resource such as food or water, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally. No two species with the same niche can coexist when resources are limiting | > competitive exclusion |
| when two species coexist on a long-term basis, wither resources must not be limited or their niches will always differ in one or more features; otherwise, one species will outcompete the other. | > Gause's hypothesis |
| the form and structure of an organism | > morphology |
| subdivided the niche to avoid direct competition with one another | > resource partitioning |
| the differences evident between sympatric species are thought to have been favored by natural selection as means of partitioning resources and thus reducing competition | > character displacement |
| each living on an island where the other does not occur | > allopatric |
| experimental studies are a powerful means of understanding interactions between coexisting species and are now commonly conducted by | > ecologists |
| consuming of one organism by another | > predation |
| thorns, spines, and prickles play an important role in discouraging large plant eaters, and plant hairs, especially those that have a glandular, sticky tip deter insect herbivores | > morphological defenses |
| chemical defenses of plants against herbivores | > secondary chemical compounds |
| molecules that can produce drastic deleterious effects on the heart function of vertebrates | > cardiac glycosides |
| leads to evolutionary diversification and adaptive radiation | > underutilized resource |
| insects that feed on milkweed plants are brightly colored; they advertise their poisonous nature using an ecological strategy. Also known as warning coloration | > defensive coloration |
| bastesian mimicry and mullerian mimicry | > type of mimicry |
| the mimics would be avoided by predators, who would be fooled by the disguise into thinking the mimic was a distasteful species | > bastesian mimicry |
| unrelated by protected animal species come to resemble one another | > mullerian mimicry |
| drive prey population to extinction | > high predation |
| evolve in prey species, such as becoming distasteful or poisonous, or having defensive structures, appearance, or capabilities | > defensive adaptations |
| two or more kinds of organisms interact in often elaborate and more-or-less permanent relationships | > symbiosis |
| lichen, mycorrhiae | > example of symbiosis |
| commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism | > kinds of symbiotic |
| a symbiotic relationship between organisms in which both species benefit | > mutualism |
| - flowering plants and their animal visitors, including insects, birds, and bats. - ants and aphids (small insects that suck fluids from phloem of living plants with their piercing mouthparts. | > examples of mutulism |
| modified as paired hollow thorns | > stipules |
| protein-rich bodies | > beltain bodies |
| harmful to the prey organism and beneficial to the parasite | > parasitism |
| parasites that feed on the exterior surface of an organism. | > external parasite or ectoparasites |
| insects that lay eggs in or on living hosts. Example: wasps | > parasitoids |
| parasite that live in the body of their hosts | > endoparasites |
| presence of one species may affect a second by way of interactions with a third | > indirect effects |
| species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance. Ex: beavers, aligators | > keystone species |
| the climate of an area remians stable years after years, communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex. | > succession |
| sucession which occurs in areas where an existing comunity has been disturbed but organisms still remain | > secondary succession |
| occurs on bare, lifeless substrate, such as rocks, or in open water, where organisms gradually move into an area and change its nature. Ex: lake, volcanic land, exposed land | > primary succession |
| one poor in nutrients | > oligotrophic lake |
| rich in nutrients | > eutropihic |
| resources available in it in way that favor other species | > succession |
| early successional stages are characterized by weedy, r-selected species that are tolerant of the harsh abiotic conditions in barren areas | > establishment |
| the weedy early successional stages introduce local changes in the habitat that faor other less weedy species | > facilitation |
| changes in the habitat caused by one species, while favoring other species, also inhibit the growth of the original species that caused the changes | > inhibition |
| affect only a small area, as when a tree falls in a forest or an animal digs a hole and uproots vegetation | > local disturbances |
| communities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher levels of species richness than communities experiencing wither little or great amounts of disturbance | > intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
| - in communities where moderate amounts of disturbance occur, patches of habitat exist at differenct successional stages - moderate levels of disturbance may prevent communities from reaching the final stages of succession in which a few dominant competi | > intermediate disturbance patern |
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