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JB Anatomy & Phys
Cells and Body Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells (cyte-) | basic unit of structure; a living factory |
| cell membrane | semipermeable boundary that serves as a doorway to the cell |
| nucleus | control center that contains chromosomes (23 pair: 22 body 1 sex), genes, RNA, and DNA |
| cytoplasm | cell substance that contains organelles (little organs) |
| (cytoplasm)Mitochondria | cell "batteries" that store energy |
| (cytoplasm)Lysosomes(some: body; lyso: dissolve) | carry out digestive functions of the cell |
| (cytoplasm)Golgo apparatus | makes secretions |
| (cytoplasm)Endoplamic reticulum | transport system and protien synthesis |
| (cytoplasm)Cilia (flagella) | hairlike extensions responsible for motility (movement of the cell itself or fluid around the cell) |
| Transport across the cell membrane DIFFUSION (spreading out) | molecules moving to a less concentrated area, as oxygen moving from aveoli in the lungs into capillaries |
| Transport across the cell membrane OSMOSIS | DIFFUSION OF WATER MOLECULESACROSS A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE TO A CONCENTRATED AREA FOR THE PURPOSE OF DILUTION |
| Transport across the cell membrane FILTRATION | movement of molecules through a filter or a semipermeable membrane as a result of pressure |
| Transport across the cell membrane ACTIVE TRANSPORT | use of energy to move molecules across a membrane to a higher concentration |
| some cells are also capable of | phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking) as in the case of white blood cells engulphingbacteria and proximal kidney tubules reabsorbing filtered protiens |
| Cell Division | some cells, such as RBC and nerve cells do not divide or reproduce |
| Body tissues | collection of specialized cells designed for a special function |
| epithelial tissue | lines (cavities and vessel, covers (body and organs), and secretes (glandular) |
| epithelial cells are named by their shape | squamous (simple squamous and stratified squamous), cubodial, columnar |
| simple squamous | covers surface of pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium and lines the blood vessels |
| stratified squamous | skin, lines mouth and esophagus |
| cubodial (epithelial tissue | lines the surface of kidney, tubules and covers ovaries |
| columnar | lines the stomach, intestines, and part of the respiratory tract |
| Body tissue may be | ciliated (contain hairlike cilia designed to move fluid) or non-ciliated |
| Body tissue | regenerates readily and heals quickly |
| Body tissue is | innervated and capable of sensations |
| In surgery body tissue | is generally sutured with absorbable sutures (exception the skin) |
| cancer of the epithelial tissue is | carcinoma (basal cell or squamous cell) |
| two types of body tissue membranes | mucous membranes and serous membranes |
| Mocous Membranes | lines cavities leading to outside, such as GI tract, GU tract, and respiratory tract |
| Serous Membranes | lines enclosed cavities such as the peritoneum (lines abdomen), pericardium (sac that encloses heart) and pleura (lines chest) |
| Connective Tissue | most variable and widespread tissue in the body |
| connective tissue has three functions | Binds, Protects and Supports |
| 6 types of connective tissue | 1. Adipose (fat), 2. Fibrous (fascia), 3. Cartilage (chondra), 4. Bone (osseous tissue)5. Reticular (netlike), 6. Areolar |
| Adipose Tissue (fat) | connective tissue that has a poor blood supply and is generally sutured with absorbable materials |
| Fibrous Tissue (fascia) | tough connective tissue - composes sheaths, covering joints, muscles, meninges (coverings of the brain and spinal cord), synovium (lining of the synovial joints), scar tissue, tendons, and ligaments |
| Cartilage (chondra) | elastic tissue (gristle) that has little blood supply |
| Bone | corticle (compact)and cancellous (spongy |
| Corticle bone (compact) | bone cells arranged in concentric circles around central (haversion) canals; make up shell of bone to provide strength and support and covered by periosteum |
| Cancellous Bone (spongy) | bone contains spaces with red marrow for making blood cells |
| reticular (net like) | blood and lymph tissue |
| areolar | loose connective tissue that fills spaces and helps to hold organs in place |
| 3 types of muscle tissue | 1. skeletal, 2. smooth, 3. cardiac |
| skeletal muscle | striated, voluntary |
| smooth muscle | visceral (found in such organs as blood vessels and bladder), involuntary |
| cardiac muscle | striated, involuntary |
| nerve tissue | most highly specialized tissue |
| nerve tissue is found in | nerves, brain and spinal cord |
| neurons(nerve cells) | basic unit of structure in the nervous system; made up of dendrites, cell body, and axon |
| dendrites | cell extensions that receive nerve impulses |
| axon | extension of the cell that conducts impulses away from the cell body) |
| neuroglia (schwann cells) | non conductive covering of peripheral nerves which provide nutrition and protection, make up the myelin sheath for the neurons and gives nerves a white glistening appearance |
| nerve tissue coordinates and integrates | BODY FUNCTION |
| Body organs | composed of different types of tissues and perform specific functions (liver, heart) |
| Body System | composed of different organs working together to perform specific functions |
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