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microexam3d
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary targets for microbial control are | microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage (that are constantly present in the external environment & on the human body |
| Which microbes have the highest RESISTANCE? | Prions and bacterial endospores |
| What is sterilization? | A process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses |
| Can an item be almost sterile? | Things can only be sterile or not sterile |
| The use of a physical process or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores | disinfection |
| the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues | SEPSIS |
| Any practice which prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection | Asepsis |
| A ____________ is normally only used on INANIMATE objects because the concentrations required to be effective can be toxic to human/animal tissue | disinfectant |
| These are examples of _________________: Applying a solution of 5% bleach to an examining table, boiling food utensils | disinfection |
| Aseptic techniques commonly practiced in health care consist of _____________ being applied directly to exposed body surfaces | antiseptics |
| Swabbing an open root canal with hydrogren peroxide is an example of _______ | antisepsis (aseptic technique) |
| Does a -cidal agent result in sterilization? | Not necessarily |
| a cleasing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms and other debris to reduce contamination to organisms | sanitization, |
| Soap and detergent are examples of | sanitizers |
| the reduction of the number of microbes on the human skin involving scrubbing skin or immersing in chemicals | degermation |
| The permanent termination of an organism's vital processes | death |
| How do we determine if microbial death has occured? | The most practical way is to determine if a microbial cel can still reproduce when exposed to a suitable environment |
| Factors that influence rate at which microbes are killed by antimicrobial agents | 1. lenght of exposure to agent. 2. effect of the microbial load. 3. relative resistance of spores vs vegetative forms 4. action of the agent, whether microbicial or microbistatic |
| The cellular targets of physical & chemical agents fall into 4 general categories | 1. the cell wall 2. cell membrane 3. cellular synthetic processes (DNA, RNA) 4. proteins |
| Particularly in gram-negative bacteria __________ & ___________ disrupt the cell walls making them fragile and lysed more easily. | Detergents, Alcohol |
| Chemical agents damage the cell wall by | blocking its synthesis, digesting it, or breaking down its surface |
| Microorganisms have a cell membrane composed of ______________ and ______________ | lipids and proteins |
| large, mixed collection of microbes adapted to the body; includes bacteria fungi, protozoa. | Normal flora |
| some sites that harbor normal flora are | skin, upper respiratory tract, GI tract, external genitalia, external ear/eye |
| Give an example of normal flora | Escherichia coli living in the intestine which produce Vitamin K |
| Not always present, not permanent type of flora | Transient |
| When one microbe benefits, but its cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited | commensalism |
| exists when organisms live in an obligatory, but mutually beneficial relationship. There is one obligatory dependent but both benefit | mutualism |
| What is viremia? | Presence of viruses in the blood stream |
| The entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host | Infection |
| What is a secondary infection? | an infection that compunds a preexisting infection |
| When does naturation occur? | when the bonds that maintain the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein are broken |
| What is a way a protein can be denatured? | Through coagulation by moist heat, chemicals such as strong organic solvents, and phenolics |
| Methods of controlling microorganisms can be divided into two broad categories _______ & _______ | Physical and chemical control |
| Methods of physical control | Heat, radiation filtration ultrasonic waves, and even cold, but heat is the most prominent way to physically control microoganisms |
| The mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface, but doesn't kill | Decontamination |
| What are the contaminants that need to be controlled? | bacterial vegetative cells & endospores; fungal hyphae & spores; yeasts; protozoan trophozoites & cysts; worms; viruses; prions |
| disinfection of LIVING things | Antisepsis |
| give an example of asepsis | handwashing, hydrogen peroxide, iodine |
| stasis and static mean | to stand still; not change |
| prevent the growth of bacteria | bacteristatic |
| inhibit fungal growth | fungistatic |
| Factors that influence the action of antimicrobial agents | # of organisms (load); nature of microorganisms in population; temp & pH of environment; concentration of agent; mode of action of agent; presence of solvents |
| Antimicrobial modes of action ** | the cell wall; the cell membrane; DNA, RNA; proteins (denaturation by alcohols, acids, antibiotics |
| another name for detergent | surfactant |
| what does a surfactant do? | breaks up the lipids |
| methods of physical microbial control | heat - moist or dry |
| the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temp | thermal death time (TDT) |
| the lowest temp required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes | thermal death point (TDP) |
| Autoclave uses | steam under pressure |
| most efficient pressure-temperature combination for sterilization | 15 psi above normal atmospheric pressure which yeilds 121 degrees |
| nonpressurized steam | tyndallization or intermittent sterilization |
| used to disinfect beverages | pasteurization |
| two types of pasteurization | flash method and batch method |
| T/F pasteurization does not kill endospores or thermoduric microbes | True |
| What is the simplest way to disinfect? | boiling water |
| ignites and reduces microbes to ash and gas | incineration |
| dehydration of vegetative cells when directly exposed to normal room air | desiccation |
| making beef jerky is an example of | desiccation |
| a combination of freezing and drying; used to preserve microorganisms and other cells in a viable state for many years | lyophilization |
| What is the most common target for radiation? | DNA |
| types of radiation | ionizing and nonionizing |
| technique for removing microbes from air and liquids | filtration |
| What is a tinture? | solution dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures |
| What are the two branches of the immune system? | innate (born with it) and acquired/adapted |
| The innate branch breaks down into ________ & ______________ | first line of defense - physical barrier, chemical barriers, and genetic components & the second line of defense - inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis, and complement |
| The acquired branch or third line of defense can be broken down into _________ and _______ | naturally acquired and artificially acquired |
Created by:
microwoman
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