microexam3d
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| The primary targets for microbial control are | microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage (that are constantly present in the external environment & on the human body
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| Which microbes have the highest RESISTANCE? | Prions and bacterial endospores
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| What is sterilization? | A process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses
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| Can an item be almost sterile? | Things can only be sterile or not sterile
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| The use of a physical process or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores | disinfection
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| the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues | SEPSIS
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| Any practice which prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection | Asepsis
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| A ____________ is normally only used on INANIMATE objects because the concentrations required to be effective can be toxic to human/animal tissue | disinfectant
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| These are examples of _________________: Applying a solution of 5% bleach to an examining table, boiling food utensils | disinfection
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| Aseptic techniques commonly practiced in health care consist of _____________ being applied directly to exposed body surfaces | antiseptics
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| Swabbing an open root canal with hydrogren peroxide is an example of _______ | antisepsis (aseptic technique)
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| Does a -cidal agent result in sterilization? | Not necessarily
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| a cleasing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms and other debris to reduce contamination to organisms | sanitization,
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| Soap and detergent are examples of | sanitizers
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| the reduction of the number of microbes on the human skin involving scrubbing skin or immersing in chemicals | degermation
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| The permanent termination of an organism's vital processes | death
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| How do we determine if microbial death has occured? | The most practical way is to determine if a microbial cel can still reproduce when exposed to a suitable environment
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| Factors that influence rate at which microbes are killed by antimicrobial agents | 1. lenght of exposure to agent. 2. effect of the microbial load. 3. relative resistance of spores vs vegetative forms 4. action of the agent, whether microbicial or microbistatic
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| The cellular targets of physical & chemical agents fall into 4 general categories | 1. the cell wall 2. cell membrane 3. cellular synthetic processes (DNA, RNA) 4. proteins
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| Particularly in gram-negative bacteria __________ & ___________ disrupt the cell walls making them fragile and lysed more easily. | Detergents, Alcohol
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| Chemical agents damage the cell wall by | blocking its synthesis, digesting it, or breaking down its surface
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| Microorganisms have a cell membrane composed of ______________ and ______________ | lipids and proteins
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| large, mixed collection of microbes adapted to the body; includes bacteria fungi, protozoa. | Normal flora
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| some sites that harbor normal flora are | skin, upper respiratory tract, GI tract, external genitalia, external ear/eye
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| Give an example of normal flora | Escherichia coli living in the intestine which produce Vitamin K
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| Not always present, not permanent type of flora | Transient
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| When one microbe benefits, but its cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited | commensalism
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| exists when organisms live in an obligatory, but mutually beneficial relationship. There is one obligatory dependent but both benefit | mutualism
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| What is viremia? | Presence of viruses in the blood stream
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| The entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host | Infection
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| What is a secondary infection? | an infection that compunds a preexisting infection
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| When does naturation occur? | when the bonds that maintain the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein are broken
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| What is a way a protein can be denatured? | Through coagulation by moist heat, chemicals such as strong organic solvents, and phenolics
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| Methods of controlling microorganisms can be divided into two broad categories _______ & _______ | Physical and chemical control
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| Methods of physical control | Heat, radiation filtration ultrasonic waves, and even cold, but heat is the most prominent way to physically control microoganisms
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| The mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface, but doesn't kill | Decontamination
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| What are the contaminants that need to be controlled? | bacterial vegetative cells & endospores; fungal hyphae & spores; yeasts; protozoan trophozoites & cysts; worms; viruses; prions
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| disinfection of LIVING things | Antisepsis
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| give an example of asepsis | handwashing, hydrogen peroxide, iodine
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| stasis and static mean | to stand still; not change
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| prevent the growth of bacteria | bacteristatic
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| inhibit fungal growth | fungistatic
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| Factors that influence the action of antimicrobial agents | # of organisms (load); nature of microorganisms in population; temp & pH of environment; concentration of agent; mode of action of agent; presence of solvents
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| Antimicrobial modes of action ** | the cell wall; the cell membrane; DNA, RNA; proteins (denaturation by alcohols, acids, antibiotics
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| another name for detergent | surfactant
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| what does a surfactant do? | breaks up the lipids
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| methods of physical microbial control | heat - moist or dry
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| the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temp | thermal death time (TDT)
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| the lowest temp required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes | thermal death point (TDP)
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| Autoclave uses | steam under pressure
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| most efficient pressure-temperature combination for sterilization | 15 psi above normal atmospheric pressure which yeilds 121 degrees
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| nonpressurized steam | tyndallization or intermittent sterilization
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| used to disinfect beverages | pasteurization
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| two types of pasteurization | flash method and batch method
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| T/F pasteurization does not kill endospores or thermoduric microbes | True
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| What is the simplest way to disinfect? | boiling water
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| ignites and reduces microbes to ash and gas | incineration
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| dehydration of vegetative cells when directly exposed to normal room air | desiccation
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| making beef jerky is an example of | desiccation
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| a combination of freezing and drying; used to preserve microorganisms and other cells in a viable state for many years | lyophilization
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| What is the most common target for radiation? | DNA
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| types of radiation | ionizing and nonionizing
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| technique for removing microbes from air and liquids | filtration
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| What is a tinture? | solution dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures
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| What are the two branches of the immune system? | innate (born with it) and acquired/adapted
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| The innate branch breaks down into ________ & ______________ | first line of defense - physical barrier, chemical barriers, and genetic components & the second line of defense - inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis, and complement
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| The acquired branch or third line of defense can be broken down into _________ and _______ | naturally acquired and artificially acquired
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