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OB Test 3
Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Feedback | Information about an individual or collective performance shared with those in a position to improve the situation |
| Two Functions of Feedback | 1. Instructional 2. Motivational |
| Three Sources of Feedback | 1. Others 2. Task 3. Self |
| Four Behavioral Outcomes of Feedback | 1. Direction 2. Effort 3. Persistence 4. Resistance |
| Upward Feedback | Stands the traditional approach on its head by having lower-level employees provide feedback on a manager's style and performance Anonymous |
| 360-Degree Feedback | Letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers AKA Full Circle Feedback |
| Feedback Don'ts | 1. use to punish, embarrass, or put down 2. provide irrelevant feedback 3. provide feedback that is too late 4. Provide feedback beyong individual's control 5. provide overly complex or difficult to understand |
| Feedback Do's | 1. Keep relevant 2. Deliver as soon as possible 3. Provide specific and descriptive feedback 4. Focus on things that can be controlled 5. Be honest, developmental, and constructive 6. Facilitate two-way communication |
| 3 Key Factors in Organizational Reward Systems | 1. Types of Rewards 2. Distribution Criteria 3. Desired Outcomes |
| Total Rewards | Encompass not only compensation and benefits, but also personal and professional growth opportunities and a motivating work environment that includes recognition, job design, and work-life balance |
| Extrinsic Rewards | Financial, material, and social rewards from the environment |
| Intrinsic Rewards | Psychic rewards that are self-granted |
| Distribution Criteria | 1. Performance: Results 2. Performance: Actions and Behaviors 3. Nonperformance Considerations |
| Pay for Performance | Popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to the results or accomplishments |
| Rewards often fail to ____ | Motivate |
| Law of Effect | Behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear. |
| Respondent Behavior | Unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that is learned when one "operates on" the environment to produce desired consequences Response-Stimulus |
| Contingent Consequences | Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Extinction DEF: there is a systematic if-then linkage between the target behavior and the consequence |
| Positive Reinforcement | Process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing |
| Negative Reinforcement | Strengthens a desired behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing |
| Punishment | The process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing or the contingent withdrawal of something positive. |
| Extinction | Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced Deleting a phone number removes communication |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Every instance of a target behavior is reinforced when a CRF schedule is in effect |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | Involves reinforcement of some but not all instances of a target behavior Fixed Ratio - bonuses tied to sales Variable Ratio - slot machine level pulls Fixed Interval - Paychecks and annual bonus Variable Interval - random praise and pats on the bac |
| Shaping | The process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target market Training an whale to be ridden |
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