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MLT Carbohydrates
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| What are Carbohydrates? | Main energy source; Provides body with basic fuel |
| What is the universal energy source for biological reactions? | ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) |
| What two pathways is the primary energy source for the synthesis of ATP? | By Glucose Oxidation by the Glycolytic and Tricarboxylic Acid Pathwaysa |
| What 3 Elements makes up a Carbohydrate molecule? | Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen |
| What groups does all Carbohydrates contain? | Carbonyl (C=O), and Hydroxyl (-OH) groups |
| What are the classification of Carbohydrates based on? | Size of base carbon chain; Location of C=O; Stereochemistry of hte compound; Number of sugar units |
| How many Carbons is in Hexose, and what are the most common examples? | 6 carbons; Fructose, Galactose, and Glucose |
| What are two foers of Carbohydrates? | Aldose- Aldehyde is its functional group; Ketose- ketone as its functional group |
| What is Stereochemistry? | Study of the spatial arrangements of molecules |
| What are sterioisomers? | Compoundsthat have the same order and types of bonds, but different spatial arrangements and different properties. |
| Can Stereoisomers be overlapped? | No, they are mirror images but can't be overlapped. |
| What is Optical Activity? | Ability to rotate plane polarized light (dextrorotatory- rotate to right; Levorotatory- rotate to left) |
| What are Monosaccharides "simple sugars"? | contain 3-6 carbins; sweet in taste; most common (glucose, fructose, galactose) |
| What are the only carbs that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestines? | Monosaccharides |
| Which sugar is known as the "blood" sugar? | Glucose |
| What is the sugar in milk and yogurt? | Galactose |
| What is the sugar found in honey? | Fructose |
| What are Oligosaccharides? | contain 2- 10 monosaccharides; Most are reducing sugars (not sucrose) |
| What type of Carbs are formed on the interaction of groups between 2 monosacccharides with the production of water? | Disaccharides |
| What are the most common "double" sugars? | Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose |
| What 2 monosaccharides make up Sucrose (common table sugar)? | glucose and Fructose |
| What 2 monosaccharides make up Lactose (major sugar in milk)? | Glucose and galactose |
| What 2 monosaccharides make up Maltose (product of starch digestion)? | Glucose and glucose |
| What is the most common sugar in plants? | Table sugar |
| What enzyme is required to hydrolyze lactose? | Lactase |
| What is Lactose Intolerance? | Lack or insufficient amount of the enzyme Lactase |
| What are some useses of Maltose? | Ingredient in infant formula; Production of beer; Flavoring-fresh baked aroma |
| What are long chains of more than 10 monosaccharides (polymers of the simple sugars) | Polysaccharides |
| Which type of cabohydrate digest at a much slower rate? | polysaccharides |
| Name the most common examples of Poly saccharides | Starch & Glycogen |
| What uses starch to store glucose | Plants |
| What uses Glycogen to store glucose | Animals |
| What is stored in the liver and muscles tissue as an "instant" source of energy? | Glycogen |
| What is Oxidation? | Loss of an electron (L E O) |
| What is Reduction? | Gaining of an electron (G E R) |
| Reducing substances must contain what type of groups? | Aldehyde of Ketone group |
| What is Metabolism? | The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the cell |
| What is Anabolism? | Synthesis of all compounds needed by the cell |
| What i sthe breakdown of all molecules to obtain energy? | Catabolism |
| What is an enzyme? | a protein molecule that functions as an organic catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction, without itself being affected by the reaction |
| Which enzyme is responsible for the digetstion of non-absorbable polymers? | Amylase |
| Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of food into smaller subunits? | Amylase |
| Which enzyme Hydrolyzes Lactose? | Lactase |
| What is the only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen? | Glucose |
| Within the cell What is glucose rapidly converted to? | Glucose-6-Phosphate, a major intermediate in glucoe metabolism |
| What does all basic cell functions and the whole body in general need? | ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) |
| What is Hexokinase? | A tissue-specific isoenzyme used to catalyze the conversion of Glucose to Glucose-6-Phosphate. |
| What is Glycolysis? | Metabolism of Glucose to either pyruvate of lactate for the production of energy |
| In Aerobic Glycolysis, what is the dominant product? | Pyruvate |
| In Anaerobic Glycolysis, oxygen is depleted. What is the dominant product? | Lactate |
| How many ATP , and NADH molecules are created by the Glycolytic Pathway? | 2 ATP, and 2 Pyruvate |
| What is the Prepatory Phase? | The phase where O2 prepares pyruvate to go into the cell for the Kreb Cycle |
| How many ATP are created by the Tricarboxylic Acid (Kreb Cycle; Kreb Cycle)? | 2 ATP molecules |
| How many ATP molecules are created by the Electron Transport Chain? | 32 - 34 |
| How many total ATP molecules are created by Aerobic Glycolysis ( Embden-Meyerhof pathway)? | 36 - 38 |
| In the absence of oxygen, what can pyruvic acid be converted to? | Lactic Acid |
| What are the side effects of Lactic acid bulid up? | Muscle fatigue, pain, cramps, and soreness |
| when is Lactic acid converted back to oxygen? | Most arediffused into the bloodstream then to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvic acid when oxygen becomes available |
| What is a detour of Glucose-6-Phosphate from the glycolytic pathway to become 6-phosphogluconic acid? | Hexose Monophosphate shunt 9HMP) |
| What is important to RBC's which lack mitochondria? | NADPH |
| What is glycogenesis? | Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage |
| What is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy? | Glycogenolysis |
| Glycogenolysis is mediated by what wnzyme? | glycogen phosphorylase |
| What are the major depots of glycogen? | The liver and skeletal muscles |
| What is Gluconeogeogenesis? | If neither glucose nor glycogen are available to meet the body's energy demands, the liver will synthesize glucose from proteins or lipids (non-carbohydrate sources) |
| What is the only hormone that decreases the blood glucose levels? | Insulin |
| What is the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell? | Insulin |
| Where is Insulin produced? | By the Beta cels othe Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas |
| What is insulin referred to? | "Hypoglycemic Agent" |
| What is Glucagon? | The primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels ; secreted by alpha cellls of the Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas; "Hyperglycemic Agent" |
| Which hormone that increases glucose is produced by the adrenal medulla? | Epinephrine |
| What is released from the adrenal cortex on stimulation by ACTH? | Glucocorticoids; Primarily cortisol |
| What inhibits glucose uptake by the tissues and is secreted by the Anterior Pituitary? | Somatotropin |
| What increases plasma glucose by converting liver glycogen to glucose? | ACTH |
| What is secreted by teh thyroid gland on stimulation of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)? | Thyroxine (T4) |
| Where is somatostatin secreted from? | A broad range of tissues including pancreas, intestinal tract, and regions of the CNS outside the hypothalamus. |
| What is Hyperglycemia? | An increase in plasma glucose levels, caused by an imbalalance of hormones |
| What is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both? | Diabetes Mellitus |
| What is Type I Diabetes? | An absolute deficiency of insulin secretion due to beta cell destruction |
| What are some signs and symptoms of Type I Diabetes? | Polydipsia ( excessive thirst), polyphagia ( increased food intake), polyuria (excessive urine production), rapid weight loss, hyperventilation, Mental confusion, Possible loss of consciousness |
| What is Kidney disease that leads to kidney failure? | Nephropathy |
| What is neuropathy? | Peripheral nerve disorder |
| What is Retinopathy? | Occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina |
| What is Type 2 Diabetes? | A result of individual's resistance to insulin, with an insulin secretory defect |
| What is the most common form of Diabetes? | Type 2 Diabetes |
| What is Gestational Diabetes? | Elevated blood sugar due to certain hormones that occur only during pregnancy. |
Created by:
Nsikanete
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