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digestion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestion | Breaking down larger nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. |
| chemical digestion | uses enzymes to break chemical bonds |
| mechanical digestion | happens in the mouth, involves the teeth, tongue, and the help of saliva to break down food. |
| enzyme | a protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction |
| substrate | target of enzyme reaction (what it starts out as before reaction takes place) |
| product | end result of an enzymatic reaction |
| sphincter | ring of muscle around a passageway that can be opened or closed. They are used to control the movement of substances through the digestive system. |
| mucosa | The mucus membrane formed with a surface layer or epithelium and underlying connective tissue with a small amount of smooth muscle, functions in absorption |
| submucosa | contains a lot of blood vessels; picks up and carries away absorbed nutrients. and it provides materials necessary to make secretions |
| muscularis | layer mostly made of smooth muscle, it has 2 jobs, peristalsis and mixing |
| peristalsis | wavelike motion that moves food through the digestive system. |
| innervation | mainly associated with the smooth muscle layer, maintain muscle tone and regulate strength, rate and velocity of muscular contractions. parasympathetic impulses increase contractions sympathetic decreases. |
| serosa | outer layer that secretes serous fluid to prevent friction |
| the mouth plays an important role in digestion | the teeth mince the food, and the tongue pushes it down the throat. salivary glands add saliva |
| parotid salivary gland | largest located at the roof of the mouth |
| submandibular and sublingual salivary glands | are located under the tongue |
| salivary gland function | it contains, water needed to help dissolve food, mucus to lubricate, and amylase to begin digestion of starch. |
| deglutition | (swallowing) the tongue pushes food into the pharynx. when tongue pushes back, epiglotis cover the trachia |
| goblet cells in stomach | secret mucus. they are found towards the top of the pit. the mucus provides a protective coating |
| parietal cells in the stomach | secrete HCL which helps to dissolve nutrients and activate pepsinogen. they also secret intrinsic factor which is a carrier protein that allows for B12 absorption |
| cheif cells | secrete pepsinogen; the non-active form of pepsin |
| gastric absorbtion | the stomach can absorb water, vitamins, drugs, and other simple nutrients that dont need further digestion |
| gastric emptying | a gradual process controlled by the pyloric sphincter a few tbsp at a time. |
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