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MLT 2.2
MLT 2.2Hematological Cell Identification 07010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Cell | Smallest unit of a living structure capable of independence existence |
| Plasma Membrane | Outer limit, boundary, maintains integrity of interior cell; Contains pore for substance transport |
| 3 layers of Plasma Membrane | 1. protein; 1. Phospholipid; 3. Protein |
| Cytoplasm | Material inside plasma membrane; Contains organelles |
| Mitochondrion | "Powerhouse"; Cellular respiration and energy requirement happens here; Site of protoporphyin production (Hem synthesis); contains cristae |
| Golgi Apparatus | Granule production for granulocytes and monocytes |
| Lysosome | Relaeses hydrolytic enzymes; Ammo for WBC to kill or destroy bacteria during phagocytosis |
| Endoplasmic Recticulum | SMOOTH - no ribosomes; Produces lipids ROUGH - Has ribososomes (protein synthesis) |
| Ribososomes | Made of RNA and granules of Ribonucleoprotein; Site of protein synthesis |
| Nucleus | Round in normal, mature cells; Made of DNA; Pores for transport ; "Brain" or "Control Center" |
| Nucleolus | in Immature cells there may be more than one; Site of Ribonucleoprotein synthesis (RNA); found in immature cells |
| Red Blood Cells | aka "Erythrocytes"; Contains hgb- carries O2 and CO2; Biconcaved; Central Pallor- indentation in RBC |
| White Blood Cells | aka "Leukocytes"; Defends against ( foreign substances, Microorganisms, Parasites) |
| 5 types of WBC's | 1. Neutrophil, 2. Basophil, 3. Eosinophil, 4. Lymphocytes, 5. Monocytes |
| Granulocytes | Neutrophils, Basophils, eosinophils |
| Platelets | Thrombocytes- Cytoplasmic fragments of Megakaryocytes; Stops bleeding |
| Hematopoiesis | Proliferation, differation and maturation of blood cells; Hemato= blood, poiesis = formation |
| 3 stages of hematopoiesis | 1. In the fetus; 2. At birth; 3. As an adult |
| Hematopoiesis occurs in the: | Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes |
| Hematopoiesis during fetal development | 2nd week- Primitive RBC's, 2nd Month- Granulocytes and Megakaryocytes, 4th Month- Lymphocytes, 5th Month - Monocytes |
| Hematopoiesis in Adults (18 and older) | Confined to flat bones, and the proximal ends of long bones (Femur, Humerus) |
| Pluripotential Stem cell | Gives rise to 2 basic Stem Cells; 1. Lymphoid Stem Cell, 2. Myeloid Stem Cell |
| Lymphoid Stem Cells | Gives rise to : T Lympohcytes and B Lymphocytes |
| Myeloid Stem Cell | Give rise to: Erythrocytes, Granulocytes, Megakaryocytes, Monocytes |
| Cell Maturation | Several stages of development; Each stage characterized by changes in: NUCLEUS, CYTOPLASM, CELL SIZE |
| Immature Nucleus | 1. N/C (4:1); 2. Usually oval or round; 3. Chromatin fine and delicate; 4. Stains reddish purple; 5. Usually 1 or more nucleoli |
| Mature Nucleus | 1. Smaller; 2. N/C low; 3. Chromatin coarse and clumped; 4. Stains blue-purple; 5. Nucleoli usually disappear; 6. Usually lobed |
| Immature Cytoplasm | 1. Scanty, high amounts of RNA; 2. Dark blue; 3. Very few to no granules; 4. Granules azurophilic (reddish purple), primary or non-specific) |
| Mature Cytoplasm | 1. Amount usually increases; 2. Gradual loss of RNA; 3. Less blue; 4. Specicfic or secondary granules appear |
| Immature cell size | Usually large 10-20 um |
| Mature Cell Size | Usuall smaller than immature cells |
| Criteria for cell ID ( cell size) | Helps identify the stage of development; Classification- Large, Medium, or Small |
| Criteria for cell ID (nucleus) | Shape; Relative size; Chromatin pattern; Presence of nucleoli |
| Criteria for cell ID ( cytoplasm) | Granular vs. Non-granular; Specific or Non-specific granules; Color; Relative amount |
| Granulopoiesis | Production of granulocytes |
| Granulocytes originates in: | Bone Marrow form pluripotential stem cell (Colony Forming Unit- Granulocyte-Monocyte; CFU-GM) |
| Growth factors for CFU-GM | Granulocyte-Monocyte colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF); interleukin 3 |
| 3 types of Granulocytes (B. E. N.) | Basophils; Eosinophils; Neutrophils |
| 6 Stages of differentation of Granulocytes | 1. Myeloblast; 2. Promyelocyte; 3. Myelocyte; 4. Metamyelocyte; 5. Band/Stab; 6. Segmented |
| Myeloblast | 10-20 um; small basophilic cytoplasm; Nucleus round and reddish purple with fine and delicate chromatin. Nucleus also has 1-3 nucleoli |
| Promyelocyte | 10-20 um; Cytoplasm has azurophilic granules; non-specific or Primary granules; Nucleus round, light reddish blue with 1-2 nucleoli; N/C 3:1 |
| what is the Last stage granulocyte differentation capable of cell division | Myelocyte |
| Myelocyte | 10-18 um; cytoplasm has specifec or secondary granules; Nucleus round or oval with no nucleoli, and is reddish blue with coarse chromatin |
| Basophil Myelocyte | Violet blue specific granules; few but coarse; not uniform in size |
| Eosinophilic Myelocyte | specific granules reddish orange; large; uniform in size |
| Neutrophil myelocyte | specific granules are pinkish and very fine; "Dawn of neutrophilia" |
| Metamyelocyte | 10-18 um; Cytoplasm is moderate with increased number of specific granules; nucleus kidney shaped or indented with clumped chromatin; N/C 1:1 |
| Band/Stab | 10-16 um; Cytoplasm same as Metamyelocyte; Nucleus rod or band shaped with clumped coarses chromatin; N/C 1:1 |
| Segmented | 10-16 um; cytoplasm abundant with full compliment of specific granules; Nucleus 2-5 lobes connected by filament; chromatin coarse and clumped |
| Most frequently occuring cell in peripheral blood | Neutrophil |
| Regulation of Neutrophil | Cells sequestered by RE system( Reticulum cells of spleen, Kupffer's Cells of liver |
| Main function of Neutrophil | Phagocytosis (also capable of pinocytosis) |
| Phase 1 of Phagocytosis | Migration and Diapeddesis (Neutrophils move into tissues thru narrow junctions between endothelial cells of blood vessels) |
| Phase 2 of Phagocytosis | Opsonization and Recognition; Marking and recognizing bacteria and foreign bodies for ingestion) |
| Substances used in opsonization | Antibodies and Complements |
| Opsonins | Bacteria marked by Ab or complement |
| Phase 3 of Phagocytosis | Ingestion, Killing and Digestion |
| Ingestion | Neutrophil invaginates around opsonin; Opsonin engulfed to form a phagosome (phagocytic Vacuole) |
| Killing and Digestion | Lysosomes fuse with Phagosomes to form Phagolysomes; Enzymes from granules emptied into Phagolysomes (degranulation); Enzymes kill and digest bacteria |
| which granulocyte is primarily in tissues exposed to the environment | Eosinophils (in lungs nasal membrane and GI tract) |
| Life span of eosinophil | 12 days |
| Function of Eosinophil | Allergic reactions; Fights Parasites |
| Physiology of eosinophils | Granules contain Histaminase, which inactivate histamine; Attaches to parasites and release toxic substances into parasite; Capable of phagocytosis of antigen antibody complex |
| Eosinophil | Nucleus usually has 2 lobes with coarse and clumped chromati; Cytoplasm is reddish orange (specific granules); granules distinct and even in size |
| Basophil | 10-16 um; Cytoplasm slightly pink to corlorless with dark violet specific granules; granules are uneven and very in size; Nucleus has 2-4 lobes and is deep blue purple wiht coarse granular chromatin |
| Mast cell | Basophils in tissue, such as connective tissue, mucosal areas of serous membrane and bone marrow |
| Physiology of Basophil | Functions with eosinophils in immediates delayed hypersensitivity reactions ( Ige binds to surface receptors, reacts with specific antigens; Degranulation occurs, Enzymes [heparin and histamine] released in area) |
Created by:
Nsikanete
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