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MLT 2.1 Terms
MLT 2.1 HematologyTerms and definitions 07010
| Hematology Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hematology | The study of blood |
| Universal Precautions (Standard) | Method for controlling infection in which all blood and certain body fluids are treated as if infectious. |
| Blood-borne Pathogen | pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). |
| Venipuncture | process of obtaining a sample of venous blood |
| Erythrocytes | A cell that contains hemoglobin and can carry oxygen to the body. Also called a red blood cell (RBC) |
| Leukocytes | A cell that lacks hemoglobin, has a nucleus, is capable of motility, and defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents or by producing antibodies |
| Thrombocytes | A platelet. Crucial to normal blood clotting |
| Plasma | liquid component of blood that still contains fibrinogen |
| Serum | Liquid component of blood when fibrinogen is allowed to clot into fibrin |
| Fibrinogen | Protein converted into fibrin to form blood clots; produced in liver & circulates in teh plasma |
| Anti-coagulant | Prevents clots from forming in blood |
| Hemolysis | Alteration or destruction of RBC's |
| Hemoconcentration | high amount of RBC's in realtion to plasma |
| Hematoma | Local mass of blood within organ or tissue |
| Immunocompromised | Person can't fight off infection; Having an immune system that has been impaired by disease or treatment. |
| Peripheral Blood Smear | a blood test that gives information about the number and shape of blood cells. |
| Polychromatic Stain | Stain that produces many colors when seen under a microscope |
| Phagocytosis | Ingestion and digestion of solid substances |
| Colony Stimulating Factor | Hormorne that stimulates cell development and deiiferentation |
| Antibody | "imunoglobin"; Substance that binds with antigen |
| Antigen | Foreign matter that enters body |
| Hematopoiesis | Process of maturation and development of blood cells |
| Lysosomes | contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion |
| Ribosomes | Cell organelle responsible for protein systhesis |
| Granulocytes | ype of white blood cell filled with microscopic granules |
| Precursor Cells | Cells that give rise to other cells |
| Blood and body fluids are considered potentially infectious for: | 1. HIV; 2. HBV; 3. Other blood borne pathogens |
| The single most important source of infection | BLOOD |
| Universal presautions protects: | 1. Non-intact skin; 2. Mucus Membranes |
| The single most important step to prevent the spread of disease | HANDWASHING |
| The study of blood | Hematology |
| total adult volume of blood | 5-6 liters; 7-8% of body weight |
| blood composed of: | 1. Formed elements; 2. Fluid protein |
| Formed elements of blood | 1. Erythrocytes- contain Hgb; 2. Leukocyte- Defend agains tviral and bacterial infections; 3. Thrombocyte- function in blood clot formation |
| Fluid portion of blood | 1. Plasma- contains fibrinogen; 2. Serum- contains no fibrinogen (used to form clot) |
| Anticoagulants | Prevent blood from clotting; Binds or inactivates coagulation factors |
| Lavender/Purple Top | Contains EDTA (liquid or powder form); Chelates the calcium in blood ( forms an insoluble) |
| Lavender/Purple Top | Preserves blood morphology; Choice fro routine hematology; Amount of EDTA is important |
| Excess EDTA | Shrinkage of RBC's; Decreased hematocrit; Decreased ESR; Degenerated WBC; Increase MCHC; Platelet swell and break up causing an increased count |
| In lavender/Purple top test must be performed within how mant hours of collection | 2 Hours; After 6 hours RBC's swell and WBC's show vacuolization and pyknotic nucleus (dark RBC nucleus) |
| Blue Top | Containd Sodium CItrate 9:1; Choice for caogulation studies; Maintains stability of the coagulation factors ( Factor V- Proaccelerin, Factor VIII- Antihemophilic A) |
| Blue Top | Maintains functional abilities of platelets: ( Used for CBC if platelet clumps in EDTA tube; Adjust the count by 10 percent to account for the dilution); Spin ad separate plasme within 30 minutes of collection |
| Blue top | Test plasma within 2 hours of collection otherwise freeze or refrigerate; 9:1 Ratio is critical (no short draws) |
| Adjusting anti-coagulant in blue top | Adjust amount of anticaogulant on patients with HCT above 55% ( high HCT means less plasma, less plasma needs less anticoagulant); citrate= (100 -HCT/595 -HCT) x amt of blood |
| Green Top | Contains heparin; Prevents coagulation by: 1. Interacting with anti-thrombin, 2. Inhibiting thrombin; Causes WBC and platelet clumping; Used in special hematology and chemistry |
| Gray Top | Contains( 1.Sodium Fluorde- preserves glucose and alcohol, 2. Potassium Oxalate- anticoagulant, binds calcium); For glucose and alcohol testing |
| Red Top | Contains no anticaogulant; Used for most chemistry tests |
| Tiger Top | aka " Marble top"; COntains no anticoagulant; Has silica gel at the bottom for serum and clot separation |
| Order of filling tubes | 1. Sterile specimens, 2. Non- anticoagulated tubes ( red, Tiger), 3. Blue top, 4. Green top, 5. Purplr top, 6. Gray top |
| 2 methods of venipuncture | 1. Vacutainer, 2. Syringe |
| Three main venipuncture sites | 1. Median Cubital- generally anchored, doesn't roll, most prefered site; 2. Basilic Vein- Lacated at inner portion of arm, tends to roll; 3. Cephalic Vein- located on outer portion of arm, skin tends to be a little tougher |
| Alternative venipuncture sites | 1..Veins of the forearm, 2. Hands, 3. Outside the wrist |
| Vacutainer method- sites and veins to avoid | Inside of wrist, Feet or legs of non ambulatory patients (poor blood circulation, may lead to clots), Patients with IV or hep-lock (use opposite arm), Patients with mastectomy (draw from opposite side), NEVER stick a patient more than twice |
| Syringe Method- used for | Small fragile veins, Veins that collasp easily, Veins than can not withstand pressure of vacutainer tubes, Collection of blood culture and blood specimens |
| Needles to use | Vacutainer Method- use multi sample needle (normal size vein, veins with good integrity); Syringe method- use 21-23 gauge needle and 10-20 cc syringe (large syringe creates more vacuum |
| Capillary collection- aka "micro sampling" | Used in infants < 6 months old, young kids and adults (Only microsample is needed, patients with IV's, severely burned, extremely poor veins |
| Capillary puncture sites | neonates/infants- Heel (never puncture curvature of heel, puncture depth no more than 1.6mm); Kids and adults- 3rd or 4th finger (off center of finger tip) |
| Types of Isolation | Strict, Enteric, Wound, Respiratory, Protective |
| Strict Isolation | Protect phlebotamist, Used in contagious diseases transmitted via (direct contact, Air); ex. Meningococcal meningitis, Active TB, Rabies, Diphtheria, Viral encephalitis, Polio, Measles and mumps, Smallpox |
| Enteric Isolation | COntact with dysentery patients; ex. Slamonella E. Colli, Parasitic infection, Fungal infection |
| Respiratory Isolation | Infections transmitted vua airborne droplets; Ex. Tularemia, Legionella, TB, Whooping Cough |
| Protective Isolation | To protect the Immuno-compromised patient from infection; ex. Burn Patients, Leukemia and AIDS, Radiation, Plastic Surgery, Organ Transplant |
| Wound Isolation | Used in open lesions and skin infections |
| Peripheral Smear (purpose) | Examine cells under microscope; Test is called "WBC Differential" (different types of WBC's, RBC morphology, platelet estimate) |
| Qualities of a good smear | Feathered edge with rainbow appearance, Free of holes, ridges, and waves |
| Staining blood smear | Use Wright Stain- Polychromatic, imparts multiple colors; composed of 1. Methylene Blue, 2. eosin Y, 3. Dissolved in Methanol |
| Methylene Blue | Stains acid components of cell shades of purple or blue; Called "Basic Dye" |
| Eosin Dye | Stains the basic components of the cell orange or red; Called "Acidic Dye" |
| Principle of Wright Stain | Neutral components of the cell take up both dyes and will stain a pink color; Phosphate buffer wirh pH 6.4-6.7 is added to stain for ionization ( actual staining occurs in ionization) |
| Qualities of properly stained slide | RBC's-pink; Reticulocytes- Pinkish gray; Nucleus in lymphocytes and neutrophils- Dark purple; Eosinophils- bright orange granules; Basophils- dark blue-black granules; Monocyte cytoplasm- blue-gray; Neutrophil cytoplasm- light pink |
Created by:
Nsikanete
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