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Chapter 12 Vocab qui
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from one another strain of bacteria | transformation |
| virus that infects bacteria | bacteriophage |
| monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | nucleotide |
| principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine | base pairing |
| granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins | chromatin |
| globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | histone |
| copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA | replication |
| enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA | DNA polymerase |
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait | gene |
| RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell | messenger RNA |
| type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes | ribosomal RNA |
| type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis | transfer RNA |
| process in which part of the nucelotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA | transcription |
| enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription | RNA polymerase |
| region of DNA that indicates to and enzyme where to bind to make RNA | promoter |
| intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein | intron |
| expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | exon |
| three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | codon |
| decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain | translation |
| group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an RNA codon | anticodon |
| change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information | mutation |
| mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucelotide for another | point mutation |
| mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | frameshift mutation |
| condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes | polyploidy |
| group of genes operating together | operon |
| region of chromosomes in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off" | operator |
| process in which cells become specialized in structure and function | differentation |
| series of genes that controls the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of an embryo | hox gene |
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fosterw
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