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process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from one another strain of bacteria
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virus that infects bacteria
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Chapter 12 Vocab qui

QuestionAnswer
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from one another strain of bacteria transformation
virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base nucleotide
principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine base pairing
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins chromatin
globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin histone
copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA replication
enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA DNA polymerase
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait gene
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell messenger RNA
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes ribosomal RNA
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis transfer RNA
process in which part of the nucelotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA transcription
enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription RNA polymerase
region of DNA that indicates to and enzyme where to bind to make RNA promoter
intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein intron
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein exon
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid codon
decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain translation
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an RNA codon anticodon
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information mutation
mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucelotide for another point mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide frameshift mutation
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes polyploidy
group of genes operating together operon
region of chromosomes in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off" operator
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function differentation
series of genes that controls the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of an embryo hox gene
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