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Biomedicine Review2
PCOM Biomedicine Review for Level I Comps
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The mnemonic Salt, Sugar, Sex refers the hormones produced by the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex. What are they? | Corticosteroids (outer level), glucocorticoids (2nd level), sex hormones (3rd level) |
| Give an example of a corticosteroid | aldosterone (tells the KD to take up sodium) |
| Give an example of a glucocorticoid | cortisol (Olga says it prompts the release of adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine, but book says its principal action is "to increase blood sugar via gluconeogenesis") |
| How is cortisol production turned on? | Hypothalamus sends signal (CRH) to ANTERIOR pituitary which sends signal (ACTH) to adrenal gland. |
| Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas via | alpha cells |
| Insulin is secreted by the pancreas via | beta cells |
| What are the only tissues in the body that (store?) glucose | Liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle |
| In starvation, would the body have elevated glucagon or elevated insulin? | glucagon (in order to break down glycogen from liver for food) |
| In obesity, would the body have elevated glucagon or elevated insulin? | insulin |
| The major BV ("carries more oxygen than the hepatic artery" because blood streams directly to liver from "all the GI organs, including the SI") to the liver is called the | portal vein |
| Name the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle and where they occur. | follicular (uterus), ovulation, luteal (ovary); or: menstruation, proliferative, secretory (uterus) |
| What organ is located "posterior and superior to" the urinary bladder? | The uterus |
| What organ is "sandwiched between" the urinary bladder and recturm? | the uterus |
| What does the cervix open into? | the vagina |
| What is the average length of a menstrual cycle? | 27-29 days |
| The functional unit of the kidney is the | nephron |
| How many nephrons in a kidney? | 1.4 million |
| 3 components of a nephron | Bowman's capsule, glomerus, tubules |
| What does the Bowman's capsule of the KD do? | collects the filtrate from the glomerus |
| What does the glomerus of the KD do? | filters the blood |
| What do the tubes/ducts of the KD do? | exchange ions via secretion/reabsorption |
| In the nephron of the KD, where is Na+ reabsorbed? | in the PROXIMAL convoluted tubules |
| In the nephron of the KD, where is H2O reabsorbed? | in the DISTAL convoluted tubules (and collecting ducts) |
| Where along the spine are the KDs said to be located? | between T12 and L2 (right)/L3 (left) |
| What is the event that starts what we call menstruation? | Falling levels of progesterone |
| Where is the cardia of the stomach | the head/neck |
| Where is the pylorus of the stomach? | the anus |
| Is the fundus of the stomach at the top or at the bottom? | top |
| Is the antrus of the stomach at the top or at the bottom? | the bottom |
| What cells produce HCl in the stomach? | parietal cells |
| What cells produce gastrin in the stomach? | G cells |
| What do chief cells in the stomach produce? | Dr Olga says mucus. But books says "pepsinogen, gastric lipase and Chymosin" |
| Trace the digestive system from mouth to anus | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus |
| What two organs does the Lesser Omentum hang between? | Behind LR and ST, down and in front of LI/SI |
| What is notable about the Greater Omentum? | it is double layer |
| What two organs does the Greater Omentum hang between? | LR & ST and down to duodenum of SI |
| Match: P wave | depolarization of ATRIA (A&P) |
| Match: Q-R-S wave | depolarization of VENTRICLE (QVC) |
| Match: T wave | repolarization of VENTRICLE (TV) |
| What is happening during the "Lub" or S1 contraction of the heart? | AV valve is closing |
| What is happening during the "Dub" or S2 contraction of the heart? | Mitral (aka bicuspid) valve is closing |
| What BV carries OXYGEN DEPLETED blood to the heart? | Pulmonary artery! |
| If the diameter of a BV is decreaed by half, how is the volume carrying potential of the vessel affected? | Decreased by 8 x 2, or 16 times |
| Skeletal muscle is only as strong as the individual myofibrils. Cardiac muscle, on the other hand, is only as strong as... | the degree to which it stretches |
| The more it stretches (pre-load) the more it pumps (after load) is a summation of ... | the Frank Starling law |
| What ions are also crucial to operation of the heart? | calcium ions |
| What determines stroke volume in the heart? | the END diastolic volume (pre-load) |
| Deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation enters the heart (right ventricle) via the ... | superior (and inferior?) vena cava |
| Heart is located in the ... | mediastynum |
| Are the ventricles in the front or the back? | Ventricles in front. (Atria in back) |
| When an LMT does craniosacral massage, what nerves is s/he affecting? | C3, 7, 9, 10 and S 2, 3, 4 |
| If pupils are dilated, bronchi dilated, digestion turned off, heart rate up, sphincters constricted, and no erection, is this a parasympathetic or sympathetic response? | sympathetic |
| True or False: The cerebellum system connects to the: eyes, ears, basal ganglia, spinal cord, cerebrum, and "underwear" | True |
| Which autonomic system affects the brain and nerves C3,7, 9, 10, S2, 3, 4? | The parasympathetic system |
Created by:
mrbarr
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