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28 The Repro System
The Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Male gonads | testes |
| System of ducts | epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra |
| Accessory sex glands (male) | seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands; secrete most of the liquid portion of semen |
| Supporting structures (male) | scrotum and penis |
| Scrotum structure | raphe and scrotal septum (divides scrotum into two sacs) |
| Scrotum function | regulates temperature of the testes |
| Cremaster muscles | contract to move testes closer to the body |
| Dartos muscle | contract to tighten the scrotum |
| Testes | paired oval glands in the scrotum; develop near the kidneys near the 7th month |
| Testes serous membrane | tunica vaginalis (covers the testes) and tunica albuginea (forms septa that divides the testis into lobules) |
| Seminiferous tubules | produces sperm; 200-300 in each lobule |
| Spermatogenic cells | sperm forming cells; develop from primordial germ cells in the 5th week |
| Sertoli (sustentacular) cells | tight junctions (form blood-testis barrier) and support spermatogenesis (nourish, phagocytize excess, control release into lumen, produce fluid, secrete inhibin, regulate FSH and testosterone) |
| Leydig cells | release testosterone |
| Overview of spermatogenesis | spermatogonia (2n), meiosis I (1n), meiosis II (1n), and spermiogenesis (1n); 65-75 days |
| Parts of spermatozoa (sperm) | Head (holds 23 chromosomes and acrosome), tail (centrioles and mitochondria); live 48 hours |
| Puberty | secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone increases (GnRH) |
| GnRH | stimulates anterior pituitary to increase secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone |
| Luteinizing hormone | stimultes Leydig cells to release testosterone |
| Testosterone | synthesized from cholesterol in the testes; suppresses LH and GnRH (negative feedback); enzyme 5 alpha-reductase converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) |
| FSH | acts indirectly on spermatogenesis; FSH and testosterone tell Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
| Androgen-binding protein | binds testosterone keeping the concentration high |
| Androgens (testosterone and DHT) | testosterone stimulates male pattern of development (ducts and descent of testes) and DHT stimulates development of external genitalia |
| Ducts of testis | pressure generated by fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes fluid and sperm along lumen of seminiferous tubules > straight tubules > rete testis > efferent ducts in epididymis > ductus epididymis |
| Epididymis | site of sperm maturation (motility and fertility); store sperm for months; continues as ductus deferens |
| Stereocilia | microvilli in the epididymis that reabsorb degenerated sperm |
| Ductus (vas) deferens | conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions; an store sperm several months |
| Spermatic cord | consists of ductus deferens, testicular artery, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and cremaster muscle; pass through inguinal canal along with the ilioinguinal nerve |
| Ejaculatory ducts | formed by the union of seminal vesicle and ampulla of ductus deferens; terminates in the prostatic urethra; eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions just before release of semen into the urethra |
| Urethra | subdivided into prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy (penile) urethra |
| Seminal vesicles | 60% of semen volume; secrete alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostglandins (motility), and clotting protein |
| Prostate | 25% of semen volume; secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, several proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminal plasmin (antibiotic) |
| Bulbourethral glands | secrete alkaline fluid that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra; mucus lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra |
| Semen source | liquid portion (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) and sperm (testes) |
| Semen composition | 2.5-5mL; 50-150 million perm/mL; pH 7.2-7.7 |
| Penis body structure | corpora cavernosa penis (two dorsal masses), corpus spongiosum penis (ventral mass, surrounds urethra), and erectile tissue |
| Glans penis | terminal opening is external urethral orifice; prepuce covers glans in uncircumcised |
| Erection | parasympathetic stimulation results in blood vessel dilation |
| Ejaculation | sympathetic reflex; urinary smooth muscle prevents urine from entering urethra and prevents semen from entering bladder |
| Female gonads | ovaries |
| Ovaries | develop around 7th month; produce gametes; produce hormones (progesterone, estrogens, inhibin and relaxin) |
| Broad ligament | part of the parietal peritoneum |
| Ovarian ligament | anchors ovaries to the uterus |
| Suspensory ligament | attaches ovaries to the pelvic wall |
| Ovarian follicles | located in cortex; consist of oocytes in different stages of development; surrounding cells nourish and secrete estrogens; follicular cells and granulosa cells |
| Mature (graafian) follicle | large, fluid-filled follicle ready to expel secondary oocyte during ovulation |
| Corpus luteum | remnants of mature follicle after ovulation; produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into corpus albicans |
| Oogenesis | begins before females are born, forms from primordial germ cells that migrate from yolk sac to the ovaries; enter meiosis I during fetal development |
| Atresia | process before birth where most germ cells degenerate |
| Primordial follicle | each primary oocyte is covered by a single layer of flat follicular cells |
| 400 | number of primary oocytes that will mature during a lifetime; 200k-2mil at birth; 40k at puberty |
| Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) | secreted by anterior pituitary each month to stimulate development of several primordial follciles |
| Primary follicles | develop from primordial; surrounded by granulosa cells; zona pellucida forms between granulosa cells and primary oocyte; stromal cells being to form theca folliculi |
| Secondary follicles | formed from primary; theca differentiates into theca interna (secretes estrogens) and theca externa (stormal cells and collagen fibers) |
| Granulosa cells | secrete follicular fluid in a cavity called "antrum" |
| Corona radiata | innermost layer of granulosa cells which attaches to zona pellucida |
| Graafian follicle | mature secondary follicle; just before ovulation primary oocyte completes meiosis I; produces 2 unequal sized haploid cells (first polar body and secondary follicle) |
| First polar body | discarded smaller cell during oogenesis |
| Secondary oocyte | enters meiosis II but stops at metaphase |
| Ovulation | release of secondary oocyte from mature (graafian follicle); if a sperm penetrates then meiosis II resumes; secondary oocyte splits into 2 cells (second polar body and ovum) |
| Uterine (fallopian) tubes (aka oviducts) | transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova from ovaries to uterus |
| Infundibulum | end as fimbriae which produce currents to sweep secondary oocyte into the uterine tube |
| Ampulla | widest, longest portion |
| Isthmus | joins to the uterus |
| Fallopian tube histology | mucosa (ciliated part functions as conveyor belt and nonciliated peg cells provide nutrition to the ovum); muscularis (peristaltic contractions); serosa (outer layer) |
| Uterus anatomy | fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix; anteflexion position; anterior and superior over bladder |
| Broad, uterosacral, cardinal, and round ligaments | hold uterus in place |
| Three layers of uterus | perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium |
| Perimetrium | part of visceral peritoneum |
| Myometrium | 3 layers of smooth muscle; contracts in response to oxytocin from posterior pituitary |
| Endometrium | highly vascularized; stratum functionalis (lines cavity and sloughs off during menstruation); stratum basalis (permanent, gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation) |
| Uterus blood supply | (arise from internal iliac arteries) uterine arteries > arcuate arteries > radial arteries > branch into straight arterioles (supply stratum basilis) and spiral arteries (supply stratum functionalis) |
| Cervical mucus | produced by secretory cells of cervix mucosa; mixture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts; more alkaline during ovulation; supplements energy needs of sperm |
| Vagina histology | mucosa continuous with uterine mucosa (decomposition of glycogen makes an acidic environment); muscularis (2 layers); adventitia (anchors it to surrounding organs) |
| Hymen | thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane that forms border around and partially closes vaginal orifice |
| Vulva (pudendum), external female genitalia | mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and bulb of vestibule |
| Mons pubis | cushions pubic symphysis |
| Labia majora | homologous to scrotum |
| Labia minora | homologous to spongy (penile) urethra |
| Clitoris | 2 small erectile bodies and numerous nerves and blood vessels; homologous to glans penis |
| Vestibule | region between labia minora; external urethral orifice, openings of several ducted glands, and vaginal orifice |
| Bulb of vestibule | elongated masses of erectile tissue on either side of vaginal orifice |
| Perineum | diamond-shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks; contains external genitalia and anus |
| Nipples | have openings of lactiferous ducts |
| Areola | pigmented area |
| Mammary gland | modified sudoriferous gland that produces milk; 15-20 lobes subdividing into lobules composed of alveoli (milk-secreting glands) |
| Suspensory (Cooper's) ligaments | support the breast |
| Female reproductive cycle | involves oogenesis and preparation of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum |
| Estrogens | secreted by ovarian follicles, stimulated by FSH and LH; promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics; lowers blood cholesterol; inhibits release of GnRH, LH, and FSH |
| Progesterone | secreted by corpus luteum; works with estrogens to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk production; high levels inhibit GnRH and LH |
| Relaxin | produced by corpus luteum; relaxes uterus by inhibiting contraction of myometrium; (end of pregnancy) increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix |
| Inhibin | secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and corpus luteum; inhibits secretion of FSH and LH |
| Phases of female reproductive tract | menstrual, preovulatory, ovulatory, and postovulatory |
| Menstrual phase | first 5 days of cycle; (ovaries) FSH + primordial follicles > primary follicles > secondary follicles; (uterus) declining estrogen/progesterone > release prostaglandins > uterine spiral arteries constrict > stratum functionalis sloughs off |
| Menstrual discharge | 50-150mL blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells |
| Preovulatory phase | 6-13 days; (ovaries) some secondary follicles secrete estrogens and inhibin, dominant follicle decreases FSH (so other follicles stop growing); (uterus) estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium |
| Follicular phase | menstrual and preovulatory phases (ovarian cycle) |
| Proliferative phase | preovulatory phase where endometirum is proliferating (uterine cycle) |
| Ovulation | day 14-28; rupture of mature (grafian) follicle and release of secondary oocyte; high levels of estrogens exert a positive feedback effects on cells secreting LH and GnRH |
| Postovulatory phase | day 15-28; (events in one ovary) after ovulation the mature follicle collapses to form corpus luteum because of LH |
| Luteal phase | part of the ovarian cycle where the mature follicle collapses to form the corpus luteum |
| Corpus luteum | if oocyte is not fertilized it lasts 2 weeks and degenerates into corpus albicans > follicular growth resumes |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | produced by chorion of embryo after 8 days after fertilization |
| Cause of menstruation | withdrawal of estrogens and progesterone |
Created by:
sibuxiang
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