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Physiology 190 UBC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diaphysis | Shaft of a long bone |
| Epipyses | The ends of a long bone |
| Metaphysis | the part of a long bone between the diaphysis, and the epiphysis |
| epiphyseal plate (in children) | growth plate. layer of hyaline cartilage. allows bone to gain length |
| ephyseal line (in adults) | fused growth plate |
| what type of cartilage is articular , on the ends of long bones | hyaline cartigage- gell line, and lines boney surfaces of joints. |
| the Periosteum | "skin" or saran wrap on bones. contains bone forming cells, and points of attachment for tendons ligaments and capsules |
| medullary cavity | in the middle of a long bone shaft. contains yellow bone marrow |
| endosteum | like periosteum, but on the inside of the shaft of the bone. also contains bone forming cells |
| Compact bone | few smaces, very strong, resistes stress. 80% of bone mass. found in long bones |
| spongy bone | larger spaces. makes bone lighter. contains red bone marrow. 20% of bone tissue. in odd shaped bones and in epiphysis of long bones |
| Where do you find yellow bone marrow, and what does it do | inside the shafts of long bones- and it stores fat cells |
| Where do you find red bone marrow and what does it do | inside spongy bone. and it produces blood cells |
| what is an osteon | functional unit of compact bone |
| Osteogenic cell | grows into osteoblast. periosteum, and endosteum |
| Osteoblast | Builds bone tissue, found in periosteum, and endosteum |
| Osteocyte | Maintains bone tissue, found in lacunae |
| Osteoclast | Breaks down bone tissue, found in endosteum, and periosteum |
| Histology of bone tissue | 25% water, 25% colagen, 50% crystalized mineral salts |
| haversion canal | canal in the middle of an osteon |
| Concentric lamellae | circles of bone tissue around an osteon |
| interstitial lamellae | lamellae around osteons |
| circumferential lamellae | lamellae around the outer and inner edges of bone tissue |
| lacunae | where the osteocytes live, in the bone tissue |
| Canaliculi | The paths between lacunae |
| Volmann's or Perforating canals | canals that run between central canals of the osteons |
| Blood supply to bones | via the nutrient artery (nutrieng foramen), metaphyseal artery, and epiphyseal artery |
| trabeculae | the irregular lattice of lamellae in spongy bone |
| Zone of resting cartilage | 1st layer. Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) anchor ephiphyseal cell to epishysis |
| Zone of Proliferating cartilage | 2nd layer. Chondrocytes undergoing cell division. Stacked in columns |
| Zone of Hypertophic cartilage | 3rd layer. Chrondrocytes are maturing and getting bigger |
| Zone of Calcified Cartilage | 4th layer. osteoblasts working here, to lay down ECM around chondrocytes |
| What stimulates bone growth | hGH, human growth hormone. it stimulates oseteogenic cell activity and chondrocyte multiplication. also stimulates collagen production |
| Growth in width of bones | osteoclasts eat the inside, and osteoblasts work under periosteum on the outside. Create circumferential lamellae |
| What stops bone growth | increase in estrogen. Estrogen increases rate of osteoblast activity, and therefore calcifies the growth plate faster than the chondrocytes can multiply |
| deposition (for bones) | osteoblasts working, taking minerals and proteins and turning them into bone |
| Resorbtion (for bones) | osteoclast activity. Blood reabsorbes minerals and proteins |
| What happens when you load bones? | they get stronger |
| What does vit c do for bone growth | help form cartilage |
| what does vit a do for bone growth | stimulates and supports osteoblasts |
| What does vit d do for bone growth | need it to absorb calcium from diet |
| hat do you need to eat for bone growth | calcium, phosphorus, vit c, k,b12, a, d |
| osteoporosis | the thinning of the bones. caused by low estrogen, therefore especially a problem in women after menopause. hormone replacement treatment |
| Effects of estrogen on bone growth | increases osteoblast activity, and decreases osteoclast |
| effect of PTH, or parathyroid hormone on bones | if blood calcium is too low, body activates PTH. PTH increases osteoclast activity, and increases absorbtion of calcium from gut (via calcitriol), and prevents loss of calcium through urine in kindeys |
| effect of calcitonin on bones | if blood calcium is too high, decreases osteoclast activty, and increases calcium deposition |
| What are the three types of muscles | skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
| striated mucles | striped, skeletal and cardiac |
| 4 properties of muscle | 1)can conduct electical impulses 2)contractile 3)extensibility-stretch without damage 4) elastic- return to normal length |
| Superficial fascia | separates skin from muscle |
| deep fascia | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
| Epimysium | connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle |
| perimysium | connective tissue that covers muscle fascicle |
| endomysium | connective tissue that covers the individual muscle cells |
| aponeurosis | flattened sheets of tendons or connective tissue |
| tendon | extension of connective tissues that attaches to bone |
| muscle organization | muscle>fasicles>fibers(cells)>myofibril (organelle) |
| sarcomere | contractile unit of skeletal muscle |
| Sarcolemma | plasmamembrane of a muscle fiber |
| Sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of muscle fiber |
| myofibril | contractile organelle of muscle fiber |
| A-band | length of thick filaments |
| I-band | region between thick filaments |
| Z disk-name protein | defines ends of a sacromere. alpha actinin (hold thin filaments in place) |
| M mine- name protein | middle of a sacromere. myomesin-holds thick filaments in place |
| H zone | region of a band with only thick filaments |
| Zone of overlap | overlap of thin and thick filaments |
| Titin | thin structural protein, elastic, and extensible |
| myosin | thick filaments. have head and tail. heads point outward. contractile protein. two binding sites. 1) myosin ATPase 2) actin |
| name the regulatory proteins of muscles | troponin, and tropomyosin |
| name contractile proteins of muscles | myosin and actin |
| name structural proteins of muscles | alpha-actinin, myomesin, and titin |
| Thin filaments are made of | actin, troponin and tropmyosin |
| troponin | holds think filaments together. three binding cites 1) actin binding site 2) tropomyosin binding site, 3) calcium bining site |
| tropomyosin | cover the myosin binding sites on actin |
| actin | has binding sites for myosin. but covered by tropomyosin. uncovered when calcium binds to troponin |
| neuromuscular junction | between axon of motor neuron and muscle fiber |
| cross bridge | when myosin head binds to actin |
| power stroke | swiveling of myosin head. moves towards m-line |
| Events at NMJ | 1) action potential arrives at synaptic end bulb 2)triggers opening of calcuim channels, and calcium enters cell 3) triggers exocytosis of acetocholine 4) ACh binds to receptors on motor end plate 5) sodium flows into muscle cell |
| Events at Motor end plate | 1)depolarizing of muscle 2)transverse tubules depolarize 3) terminal cisternae releases calcium |
| components of muscle triad | two terminal cisternae, and one T-tubule |
| excitation contraction coupling | mechanism by which electrical excitation of sarcolemma is translated to mechanical contraction of muscle |
| AChE or Acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that breaks down ACh at NMJ |
| Have to get calcium out of sarcolemma to prevent many contractions- how? | active transport pumps take calcium back into sarcoplasminc reticulum |
| What happens when calcium binds to troponin | myosin binding sites on actin are exposed, and myosin heads attach |
| Contraction Cycle steps | 1) ATP hydrolysis- myosin head uses ATPase, and gets energized 2) myosin binds to actin, forms cross bridge, P group gets releases 3)release of P group starts powerstroke, mysoin swivels towards M line, ADP is released 4)new ATP binds to myosin,detach |
| Three sources of ATP | Phosphycreatine, aerobic, and anearobic |
| Phosphocreatine | Phosphocreatine + ADP = creatine and ATP. quick store |
| aerobic energy sources | go through cellular res0piration in mitochondria |
| anerobic energy sources | takes place in sarcoplasm, uses glycogen, and creates lactic acid |
| myasthenia gravis | auto immune disease. antibodies block ACh receptors, effects NMJ |
| Sources of muscle fatigue | 1) brain-central fatigue 2) NMJ- problems with calcium release, or depletion of NT 3)excitation-contraction coupling 4) contraction cycle of myosin. |
| Load-velocity relationship | heavier the load, you cant lift it as fast. small load can lift faster. heaviest load, you can drop it pretty fast |
| Isometric contraction | -muscle length stays the same while still contracting. elastic components get longer, muscle fibers shorten |
| Isotonic contraction | either eccentric or concentric |
| Eccentric muscle contraction | lengthening. load>force |
| Concentric muscle contraction | shortening. force>load |
| Motor units | one neuron and all of the fibers it innervates |
| Small motor units do what | fine movements |
| large motor units do what | powerful movements |
| motor recruitment (Henneman size principle) | recruit the smaller motor units first, then go for the bigger ones as you need more force |
| muscle tone | always some background tone. resistance training enhances background tone |
| hypertrophy | increased muscle size |
| factors regulating muscle force | 1)length 2) stimulation frequency 3) # fibers recruited |
| Type 1 fiber | Slow oxidative least powerful high endurance slow speed of contraction lots of blood supply and mitochondria |
| Type 2a fibers | fast oxidative-glycolytic middle tension middle endurance middle speed of contraction |
| Type 2b fibers | Fast glycolytic very powerful fatigue easily fast contraction rates not many mitochondria or blood supply. |
| which fibers can you adapt | between tybe 2a and type 2b |
| length-tension relationship | if muscle to to slack, or two stretched, there will not be as much force because protein overlap is off |
| three phases of muscle twitch | latent period-small delay before contraction contraction-calcium is being released by scarcoplamic reticulum relaxation period- calcium ions being actively transported back into SR |
| Temporal summation of muscles | single twitch, wave summation, unfused tetanus, and fused tetanus |
| What are the divisions of the PNS- Peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system ( skeletal muscles and sensory functions), Autonomic nervous system ( internal organs, blood pressure etc), enteric nervous system (digestive tract) |
| afferent neural pathways, detecting internal or external stimuli | sensory pathways |
| Inter neuron pathways, analyzing, consolidations, storing, regulating and adapting | Integrative pathways- in spinal cord and brain |
| efferent pathways- control of muscular or glandular responses | motor neurons |
| what is a neuroglial cell? | supportive functions for the CNS and PNS |
| Describe a multipolar neuron | dendrites attached to cell body, and long axon. most common, often motor neurons |
| Describe a bipolar neuron | all dendrites come together, then go to cell body (not mylinated), then long axon. Specialized, like retina, or olfacory |
| Describe a unipolar neuron | dendrites go to axon, to cell body, to axon. Often sensory neurons |
| Epineurium | connective tissue around a entire nerve |
| perineurium | connective tissue around a fascicle of neurons |
| endoneurium | connective tissue around a single neuron |
| Describe an astrocyte | part of CNS. strong, provides framework. creates strong tight junctions in epithelial cells to creat blood brain barrier |
| What are the four neuroglial cells in CNS | Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes |
| Describe a microglia cell | in CNS. belong to immune system. clean up cellular debris. active is there is an injury or infection of NS |
| Describe an ependymal cell | line the ventricles of the brain, produce and circulate cerbrospinal fluid via cilla |
| describe the oligodendeocytes | form the myelin sheath in the CNS |
| What are the neuroglial cells in the PNS | the schwann cells. and the satellite cells |
| Describe a schwann cell | myelin sheath of PNS |
| Describe a satellite cell | Structural support of PNS |
| Describe the myelin | made of proteins and lipids. provides electrical insulation, nodes of ranvier |
| Whats the different between gray matter and white matter | White matter has meyline, gray matter has cell bodies. Cortex of brain is gray matter, inside of spinal cord is gray matter |
| Describe Multiple sclerosis | Auto-immune disease. de-myelinating disease, so neurons loose myelin sheath |
| size of graded potential is related to? | size of the stimulus |
| what is a graded potential | a local or small change in the membrance potential |
| word for loosing strength in graded potentials | decremented |
| where do graded potentials occur | motor end plates, dendrites of inter neurons, dendrites of motor neurons, also in sensory receptors |
| graded potentials are mediated by what ion channel? | ligand-gated, or mechanically gated ion channels for sensory receptors |
| greater the diameter of neuron | the less the resistance |
| A fibers (neurons) | large diameter, and myleniated, very fast |
| B Fibers (neurons) | med diameter, and myelinated, med fast |
| C fibers (neurons) | small diameter, and not myelinated, very slow |
| neurons can connect with | muscles, glands, and other neurons |
| 3 parts of synapse | axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and post synaptic cell |
| what is the receptor for ACh | cholinergic |
| what is the receptor for glutamine | glutaminergic |
| what is the receptor for GABA | GABA-ergic |
| What is an agonist (for NS) | -activates receptor (drugs) |
| What is an antagonist (for NS) | drug that inhibit the receptors |
| Talk about ACh | -exicitatory effect on muscle, opens ligand gated ion channels, (EPSP) excitatory post synaptic potential. ACeE to remove NT |
| Talk about GABA | IPSP- inhibitory. Main NT in CNS. opens ligand chloride channels. Reuptake takes it back in |
| talk about Glutamine | excitatory in CNS. open up ligand gated calcium channels. reuptake |
| Spatial summation | adding simultaneous graded potentials that occur at different sites on the cell body |
| Temporatl summation | summation of graded potentials that occur clost together in time |
| general senses | visceral (organs), somatic sensations (pain, temperature, tactile, proprioception) |
| Special senses | smell, tastes, vision, hearing, blance |
| Exteroceptors | pain/temp, Merkel disk, meissner corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle |
| Merkel | superficial, small receptive field, slow adaptation |
| Meissner | superficial, small receptive field, fast adaptation |
| Pacinian | deep, large receptive field, and fast adaptation- get used to constant stimulus |
| Ruffini | deep, large receptive field, and slow adaptation- dont get used to constant stimulus |
| Pain in felt by what receptor | nociceptors- bare dendrites make up sensors |
| Quick sharp pain felt by what fiber? | A fibers- fast |
| Dull aching pain felt by what fibers | C fibers- slow |
| Ichy feeling felt by what fibers | C fibers |
| how does NS tell the intensity of a sensory stimulus | freqency, and # of neurons |
| Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through which side | Dorsal |
| Population coding depends on | size of receptive field, and threshold of neuron |
| proprioception receptors | Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles |
| Spinal cord, how many cervical, throrasic, lumbar, sacral, cccygeal | cervical-8, throrasic-12, lumbar-5, sacral-5, cccygeal-1 |
| C1 spinal nerves exit where | above C1 vertebrae |
| C8 Spinal nerve exits where | above T1 vertebrae |
| T1 spinal nerve exits where | below T1 vertebrae |
| 2 point discrimination depends on what | size of receptive field |
| Merkle picks up what kind of stimulus | light constant pressure |
| Meisner picks up what kinds of stimulus | light fluttering or vibrations |
| pacinian picks up what kind of stimulus | poking or strong vibration/ tapping |
| Ruffini picks up what kind of stimulus | sterognosis- global shape of objects |
| Muscle spindals pick up what kink of stimulus | changes in length of muscle |
| Golgi Tendon Organs pick up what kind of stimulus | sensitive to muscle force |
| Spinal cord is shorter than spine. what is the end called? | conus medullaris. spinal cord finishes at L2 |
| What is the filum terminale | extension of pia matter, thread of connective tissue that holds spinal cord in place |
| what is the Cauda equina? horses tail | spinal cord after L2. lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerve roots go out |
| The gap between the spinal ord and the bone is called? where fat and connective tissues are | epidural space |
| The indent in the front of spinal cord, and the slight dent in the back are called | anterior median fissure, and the posterior median sulcus |
| The accending and decending tracks are in the gray or white matter? | white |
| What is a dermatome | an area of skin supplied by a given spinal segment |
| Brachial Plexus supplies? | C5-T1. upper limb |
| Lumbar Plexus supplies? | L1-L5, lower limb. femoral nerve, and quads |
| Sacral plexux supplies | L4-S5. sciatic nerve, posterior part of leg |
| stretch relfex- stimulus? receptor? effect? and how many neurons, Nt? | monosynaptic- two neurons. alpha motor neuron, and 1A sensory neuron. Stimulus- muscle stretch, Receptor, muscle spindles, effect, muscle contract (remains same length). NT= glutamine |
| Reverse myotatic reflex. stimulus, receptor, # neurons, NT? | stimulus- muscle tension, receptor- Golgi tendon organs. effect, muscle relaxes. disynapic (3 neurons)( inter neuron, 1b afferent, alpha motor. 1st nt is glutamine, second is glycine(inhibitory) |
| flexor and crosses extensor refeex. stimulus, receptor, effects, and neurons | polysynaptic, stimulus is pain, receptor is nociceptor, effects, contralateral limb extension, and ipsilateral limb flextion |
| Name the five lobes of the brain | Parietal lobe. frontal lobe, insula, occipital love, temporal lobe. |
| Name of long deep grove in the brain, separating left and right | The longitudinal fissure. |
| What is a gyrus | a "bump" in the brain |
| What is a sulcus (brain) | groves between the gyrus |
| What is the central sulcus | Between frontal lobe, and Parietal lobe |
| What is the lateral sulcus | Between frontal lobe and temporal lobe |
| Name of the sulcus between the occipitial lobe and the parietal lobe | parieto-occipital sulcus |
| The Precentral gyrus is also known as the? | Primary motor cortex |
| The postcentral gyrus is also know as the? | Primary somatosensory cortex |
| name the three types of white matter tracks | association tracks, commissural tracks, and projection tracks |
| What is an association track? | axons connecting brain regions in the same hemisphere |
| What is a commissural track? | axons connecting same lobes in opposite hemispheres- corpus callosum |
| What is a projection track? | Axons connecting different brain regions to other parts of the central nervous system- like brain stem. - internal capsule |
| What is the corpus callosum? | lots of white matter, connecting left and right halfs of brain |
| What is the internal Capsule | white matter projection track from spinal cord to cortex |
| what are the four things that protect the Nervous system | Boney structures. Membranes, Cerobrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier |
| What are the meninges? | Thin membranes that are located between bone and nervous tissue. 3 Layers- dura mater, Pia mater, and arachnoid membrane |
| What is the dura mater? | 1st layer, closest to skull. Thicker, creates the falx cerbri ect. |
| What is the Pia mater | Nice and think layer that hugs the curves of the brain, like saran wrap |
| What is the arachnoid mater? | Between the dura mater and the pia mater. spacious almost |
| True or false, does the meninges continue onto spinal cord | true |
| pia matter is also epineurium | just so you know :D |
| What is the falx cerebri | Part of dura matter that divides left and right halfs |
| What is the falx cerebelli. | Devides left and right half of cerebellum |
| What is the tentorium cerebelli | Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum |
| Where is cerebrospinal fluid made | In ventricles of the brain, specifically in the choroid plexus- ependymal cells |
| Where is cerebrospinal fluid found? | Subarachnoid space, ventricles of the brain, and in the central canal of the spinal cord |
| What is the choroid plexus made of? | Capillaries and ependymal cells |
| How is cerebrospinal fluid made? | Well, the ependymal cells pump out salts into the ventricles, and water follows by diffusion from the capillaries. |
| Describe the flow of cerebrospinal fluid | from lateral ventricles, to third ventricles, to fourth ventricles, to eitherr subarachnoid space, or to the central canal |
| What is the name of the channel between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle? | The interventricular foramen |
| What is the name of the channel between the 3rd and 4th ventricles | the cerebral aquaduct |
| What is the name of the channel between the 4th ventricles and the subarachnoid space? | the lateral apertures |
| What is the name of the channed between the 4th ventricles and the central canal | the medial aperture |
| How does cerebrospinal fluid drain? | there are extensions of the arachnoid mater though the dura mater, and basically the CSF travels into venous blood through a process called bulk flow- little bubbles of CFS pass through membrane |
| What are the names of the extensions of the arachnoid matter through the dura matter | arachnoid villus |
| How does the CFS protect the brain and spinal cord? | physical protection- shock absorbtion, buoyancy - chemical protection- high in Na+ low in K+ -Exchange of nutrients and wastes |
| What is hydrocephalus | Blockage of the the flow of CFS |
| What forms the tight junctions between endothelial in the Blood Brain Barrier | Astrocytes |
| What can get through the BBB easily? | Small molecules, (like O2, CO2) lipid soluble molecules, |
| What does the BBB do? | Chemical protection of brain- not subject to fluctuations in hormones, and ionic levels in blood |
| Where is the BBB weakest? | By the pituitary gland, and by the vomiting center |
| What are the four components of the brainstem | the medulla, pons, midbrain, and reticular formation |
| where is the medulla located? | the mist inferior section of the brainstem |
| What are the functions of the medulla | the basic survival functions. Breathing, cardiovascular functions, swallowing, vomiting, and coughing |
| What does the pons do? | basic rhythmic pattern of breathing |
| What does the midbrain do? | eye movements and visual reflexes (blink reflex). Auditory reflexes (startle reflex) |
| What is the reticular formation? | a diffuse group of cells located throughout the brainstem |
| What is the function of the reticular formation? | motor functions- muscle tone and stretch reflexes Viseral functions- breathing, BP, gasto-intestional regulation of pain perception |
| What is the reticular activating system? | sends neurons up to cerebral cortex mediates consciousness, sleep, arousal "turns on brain" from visual, hearing or somatic senses |
| What is the cerebellum? | little brain with half of the neurons |
| name the regions of the cerebellum | right hemisphere, left hemisphere, and vermis (middle region) |
| name the lobes of the cerebellum | the anterior lobe, the posterior lobe, and the flocculo-nodular lobe |
| What is the function of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum? | Control of movement- makes sure it is controled, and interprets it |
| What is the function of the flocculo-nodular lobe of the cerebellum? | control of balance |
| What is diadochokinesia dysfunction? | where people are unable to have smooth movements- cerebellum |
| What is dysmetria | where someone has no distance perception- cerebellum |
| what is ataxia? | where someone cant coordinate movements |
| What is the diencephalon? | contains the thalamus, and the hypothalamus |
| What is the thalamus? | the grand central station of the brain, it relays information to other parts of the brain |
| What are the components of the ventral group of the thalamus? and what do they do? | the ventral posterior nucleus- somatic sensations the medial geniculate nucleus- hearing the lateral geniculate nucleus- vision |
| What is the reticular nuclei, and what does it do? | part of the thalamus- and it integrates activity from thalmic nuclei, main filtering area |
| What does PCML stand for | posterior column-mediated lemniscus pathway |
| In the PCML pathway, where does the neurons cross to other side? | in the medulla |
| In the PCML pathway, where abouts in the spinal cord does the neuron travel up to the brain? | Posterior assending tracks |
| The PCML pathway picks up what kind of stimulus? | fine touch and proprioception |
| Where does a somatic sensation get relayed in the thalamys | The ventral posterior nucules |
| What are the two sectionf of the posterior column of the spinal cord | the gracile fasciculus- from lower limbs the cuneate fasciculus- from upper limbs and trunk |
| Pain and temperature go through what spinal tract? and where do they cross? | the lateral spinothalamic tract, and cross in the spinal cord |
| Crude touch and pressure go through what spinal tract? and where do they cross? | the anterior spinothalamic tract, and cross at spinal cord |
| proprioceptive info going to the cerebellum go through what spinal tract? and where do they cross | the spinocerebellar tracks- and dont cross |
| From the thalamus, the PCML pathway goes to the primary somatosensory cortex. throu which pathway? | they internal capsule |
| The PCMl pathway travels from the medulla to the thalamus, through which pathway? | The medial lemniscuc |
| What are the three direct motor pathways, and what do they control? | The lateral corticospinal tract- distal muscles the anterior corticospinal tract- muscles of axial skeleton the cortocobulbar tract- the muscles in the head |
| The indirect motor pathways start where? | at the brainstem |
| the rubrospinal pathway controls what? | arms and legs- limbs |
| The tectospinal pathway controls what | midbrain- blink, startle, auditory |
| The vestibulospinal pathway controls what? | the muscles of the trunk and extensors |
| the reticulospinal pathway controls what? | the proximal limbs |
| What are the basal ganglia? | deep areas of the brain that control movement |
| what is huntingtons disease | hyperkinetic movement disorder- no treatment, cant get rid of extraneous movement- basal ganglia |
| What is parkinsons disease | hypokinetic disease- basal ganglia do not have enough dopamine- treatment is L-dopa |
| What does the frontal lobe do? | cognitive, personality, emotions, decision making, thinking, reasoning |
| What does the temporal lobe do? | hearing |
| What is the role of the hippocampus? | memory consolidation, takes short memory and turns into long term memory |
| What is anterograde amnesia? | the inability to make new memories |
| What is retrograde amnesia | forgetting memories already formed |
| Language processing is on what side of the brain? | the left |
| Broca's area is primarily for what | coordinating the motor output for speech, and for writing. |
| What is expressive (non-fluent) aphasia? | can understand what people are saying, but cant form words back- broca's area |
| What is Wernicke's area primarily for? | the interpretation of language- recieves visual and auditory input. |
| What is receptive (fluent) aphasia | cant understand what people are saying to them- talk in word salad |
| What side of the brain is spacial skills? | right |
| What does the occipital lobe do? | vision |
| What does the insula do? | taste and smell |
| what does an association area do? | applies meaning to the actual function |
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