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Bio Chem Final
Review Questions for Second Half of Term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 3 components of a nucleotide. | A nitrogenous base (either a purine (dbl ring structure) or a pyrimidine (single ring structure)), a sugar (monosaccharide), and a phosphate group (PO4) |
| The general structure of an amino acid is ... | An amine (NH2) group on one end, a carboxyl (or carboxylic acid) group on the other end, and an "R" group in the middle! |
| If an amino acid chain is 4 or greater sub-units, it is called a ... | polypeptide |
| Name 3 true things about glutathione. | It IS a tripeptide. It IS found freely and abundantly in the cytoplasm. It IS a potent antioxidant. |
| A peptide bond forms via ... | dehydration synthesis |
| Which two amino acids contain sulphur? | Cysteine and methionine |
| A polypeptide "immediately" (??) produced by a ribosome has a _______ structure (might want to review slide on this. wording seems awkward) | primary |
| Name the 3 forms of RNA | messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA (which is the ribozyme, I think!) |
| RNA has many functions within cells. DNA has really only one function. What is it? | to store the genetic code |
| True or False: Purines contain a single nitrogen ring, and pyrimidines have a double ring. | False (the opposite is true) |
| cAMP stands for cyclic adenosine monophosphate. It is used in the cell for... | regulating cellular metabolism |
| The folding of proteins does not include which of the following elements? | Carbon-nitrogen bridges |
| Name the 4 nitrogenous bases used to make DNA. | ACTG |
| Name the 4 nitrogenous bases used to make RNA. | ACUG |
| Which pair of molecules bond to form the "back bone" of a nucleic acid? | Sugar and phosphate |
| Describe the basic role of messenger RNA. | To bring the genetic information out into the cytoplasm to make proteins. |
| True or False: ALL enzymes require ATP to perform their functions. | False!! (enzymes that merely "flip" the antiomerism or chirality of a protein require NO energy) |
| True or False: Enzymse catalyze biochemical reactions by specificity and reaction rate. (??) | True |
| An enzyme is mostly composed of ... | Protein in a tertiary structure |
| Many factors allow enzymes to be functional. Which one is not a factor? | "Ribose sugars?" |
| What ARE the factors that enable or prevent enzymes to/from performing their functions? | Temperature, pH, chirality, presence/abscence of substrate/cofactrs |
| True or False: A product of an enzyme splitting a molecule is called a substrate. | False |
| When the proper cofactors are present, an enzyme will function normally. This is called: | holoism |
| True or False: Enzymes only cleave molecules, never link molecules. | False |
| What role does a coenzyme play in catalysis? | It donates part of its structure to the molecule |
| Prosthetic groups are a type of cofactor. Which of the following is NOT a prosthetic group? | (the one that's not a metal) |
| When sufficient product has been made by an enzyme, the enzyme will be deactivated. Which process below describes this? | a negative feedback loop |
| Glutathione reductase is an enzyme that does all of the following but... | remove sulphur |
| The cytochrome p450 series of enzymes are very useful. Which is not one of their functions? | exacting specificity |
| True or False: Induction or inhibition of the cytochrome p450 enzyme, crucial to cellular detoxification, can sometimes cause severe drug side effects. | True |
| Translation... | describes a process where a polypeptide chain forms from messenger RNA codons. |
| Transcription... | is the reading of the DNA code by the RNA polymerase and a complementary, "antiparallel" (RNA) is formed. |
| An error in DNA transcription causes... | mistranslation of proteins |
| Which molecule is used in abundance to fuel protein synthesis? | ATP |
| What does an RNA polymerase do? | It transcribes RNA from DNA. |
| These molecules keep DNA and chromatin compact. | histones |
| True or False: Nucleic acids are made from long protein back bones | False (they are made from a phosphate+sugar backbone) |
| Why does the cell want to conserve its DNA? | To prevent errors from entering into DNA code |
| True or False: In DNA replication, the topoisomerase untwists the DNA double helix. | True |
| Aminoacetyl tRNA synthetase is an enzyme used for... | Reloading specific amino acids to their corresponding tRNA |
| True or False: tRNA carries a 3-base codon | True |
| Which statement about DNA is false? | (DNA does NOT pass through the ribosome) |
| Three or the following are true of the active site of the ribosome. Which one is not true? | The TRUE ones are: Ribosomes are made from complexes of RNAs and proteins. Ribosomes are divided into two subunits (30 & 50). The ribosome moves along the mRNA, "reading" its sequence and producing a corresponding chain of amino acids. ("translation") |
| What comes first in the entire protein synthesis process? | transcription of the DNA |
| True or False: When mRNA is translated, only one ribosome works on the strand at a time. | False (multiple ribosomes work on the same mRNA) |
| Glycolysis and _______ provide most of the carbon products for aerobic respiration. | beta oxidation |
| Which of the following does NOT happen during pyruvate decarboxylation? | (no ATP is produced-- just one NADH and one CO2) |
| True or False: In a manner of speaking ("in a generalized way"), the Krebbs Cycle is really just the oxidation ("oxidizing") of carbon. | True |
| True or False: The purpose of the Electron Transfer Cycle is to produce electrons to enter into the Krebbs Cycle. | False |
| How does the enzyme ATP Synthetase power its ability to make ATP? | Concentration gradients (of H+) are established between the intermembrane space (lots of H+) and matrix (little H+) that make the hydrogen ions want to move from one to the other. |
| True or False: Glycolysis must take place within the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration must take place within the mitochondrion. | True |
| Which of the following is true of the mitochondrion? | Cells with lower energy needs generally have fewer ("only a few") mitochondria. |
| The fluid filled regions/areas of the mitochondrion are the matrix and the intermembrane space. | True |
| Vitamins are important cofactors. Which is not a vitamin? | Coenzyme lipoamide |
| Which molecule is the most abundant by-product of the Krebbs cycle? | NADH |
| What is the primary waste product of both Krebbs and pyruvate decarboxylation? | CO2 |
| What happens when there are insufficient cofactors available in the body (malnutrition)? | Enzymes cannot work efficiently |
| True or False: Acetyl coenzyme A is the only molecule that replenishes carbon in the Krebbs Cycle. | True! (the one instance where his ONLY/NEVER/ALWAYS restrictive language is actually true!) |
| True or False: The four steps of aerobic respiration take place within the cell nucleus. | False (they take place within the mitochondrion) |
| The Electron Transport Chain is located in the mitochondrial: | cristae (inner membrane) |
| When a hydrogen atom is represented by the letter H, as it often is in biochemistry, this means: | This is an electron and a proton |
| The Electron Transport Chain's basic function is to: | Transport electrons through the membrane proteins, which then produce H+ ions |
| Complexes I and II contribute what to the Electron Transport Chain? | electrons |
| True or False: Ubiquinol, in Complex III, is quickly broken down and deficiencies of ubiquinone can develop very quickly. | False (they are constantly recycled) |
| The intermembrane space is the store house for what in particular? | Hydrogen ions (H+) |
| Why is the concentration gradient between the matrix and intermembrane space so useful? | It allows for a huge potential energy difference, measured as pH |
| What is the function of the Fe-S clusters in Complex I, II and III? | They transport electrons |
| When ubiquinone is converted into ubiquinol, what takes place? | Ubiquinol transports electrons, via H2, to Complex III |
| Cytochrome c transports electrons between: | Complexes III and IV |
| True or False: In addition to moving electrons, Complexes I, III and IV also pump out H+ ions into the intermembrane space. | True |
| The end of the Electron Transport Chain at Complex IV means that electrons: | Are acted upon by copper (Cu), reacted with O2 and released as water |
| ATP Synthetase phosphorylation is powered by: | The pool of H+ ions concentrated in the intermembrane space |
| ATP Synthetase enzymes produce ATP. If the entire four-step aerobic respiration system is perfectly efficient, how much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule? | 38 |
Created by:
mrbarr
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