Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Heep, cardio 1
Cardiovascular System 1 Heep, Bastyr Survey of Western Clinical Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electrical-Contraction system of the heart Atrial filling and contraction Electro-cardio Gram (ECG) Terminology: End diastolic volume (preload) 120 ml End systolic volume 50 ml Stroke volume 70 ml Cardiac output | Systole, Diastole (ventricular) |
| What is the formula for cardiac output: | Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x HR (CO = SV x HR) |
| Average vol of blood | Average is about 5 Lit/min (about 1.3 gal/min) |
| How is CO an outcome of 4 factors: | Preload – ventricular filling (EDV) Afterload – resistance to eject blood Cardiac contractility Heart rate (70 – 85 bpm) |
| Define Preload: | reflects the loading condition of the heart at the end of diastole; or better to say the amount of blood stored in the heart during diastole that needs to be pumped out |
| Define Afterload: | represents the force that the heart must generate to eject blood out of itself; systemic (peripheral) vascular resistance dictates how strong the heart needs to contract to eject blood. (it reflects volume of blood exiting the heart and the pressure) |
| Describe Frank-Starling law: | Preload and afterload should be balanced (equal). If the ventricular end diastolic volume increases, the contractility will increase too. |
| Describe the progression of blood vessels from Arteries to Veins: | Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| What are the layers of the heart: | Functional anatomy – 3 layers Tunica interna, media and externa |
| How many layers of capillaries in the heart: | only one layer – endothelial |
| Describe Blood flow in vessels: | Directly related to pressure difference between 2 ends, and diameter Inversely related to length and blood viscosity |
| Describe Laminar blood flow: | Smooth flow of blood, normal for the body. |
| Describe Turbulent Blood flow: | Increased pressure and turbulence, abnormal for the body. |
| Describe Laminar versus turbulent blood flow: | Turbulent Blood Flow has risks for clot formation |
| Describe parasympathetic regulation of the heart: | Parasympathetic NS regulates heart through Vagus nerve. Slows the heart rate (chronotropia negative) |
| Describe sympathetic regulation of the heart: | Sympathetic NS: Increases heart rate (chronotropia positive) Increases the contractility power (inotropia positive) |
| What are the neurotransmitters for autonomic system: | Neurotransmitters: ParaNS: Acetylcholine (Ach) SymNS: catecholamines All from amino acid Tyrosine Types: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine MAO and COMT breakdown the catecholamines |
| What are the Receptors on effector cells? | Adrenergic and cholinergic Adrenergics: α (1and 2) – both cause vasoconstriction β (1and 2) – β1 in heart and β2 in bronchioles and other tissues. |
| Briefly describe how to read an ECG: | P: depolarization of atria QRS: depolarization of ventricles T: repolarization of ventricles |
| Describe the propagation of an action potential: | Action potential starts in SA node (pace maker), spreads in the atria, goes to AV node, delay in AV node and then goes into ventricles though bundle of Hiss and Purkinje fibers. |
| Define Blood pressure: | outcome of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance Hypertension and side effects Control of blood pressure neural, humoral renal related (Na/H2O balance) |
| General organization of Lymphatic system: | Follows the circulatory system |
| Functions of Lymphatic system: | Drains the extra interstitial fluid, regulated the osmotic pressure. Absorbs nutrients esp “fats” from GI Filters blood from germs in lymph nodes |
| What are diseases of Lymphatic system? | Lymphedema: Lymphatic system gets blocked. Edema: pitting and swelling. What are the two types of edema? |
| What are some Disorders of arterial circulation? | Cholesterol and hyperlipidemia Atherosclerosis Vasculitis Arterial occlusions Thrombus, embolus, vasospasm Aneurysms |
| Define Ischemia: | impaired blood flow Less oxygen delivery to tissues Cell death and necrosis |
| Define Infarction: | no blood flow into an area: necrosis within an organ due to lack of blood flow, either arterial blockage or blocked venous drainage |
| What is the effect of Elevated blood cholesterol: | can cause atherosclerosis |
| What is the danger of Atherosclerosis: | contributes in heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Almost 21% of Americans have high cholesterol |
| Describe Lipoproteins: | Lipoproteins carry fats including cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood: Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL |
| What are the main carriers of cholesterol: | LDL (bad cholesterol) and HDL (good cholesterol) are main carriers of cholesterol |
| What are the Secondary carriers of cholesterol: | Chylomicrons and VLDL carry endogenous and exogenous triglycerides |
| Describe the effects of HDL: | HDL protects against effects of excess Cholesterol. |
| What increases and decreases HDL? | Exercise increases HDL; smoking and diabetes reduce HDL in blood. Hyper-cholesteremia: Desired (total) Cholesterol ≤ 200 mg/dl Borderline high is between 200 and 239 High is ≥ 240 mg/dl HDL of ≤ 35 mg/dl is a risk factor Desired HDL ≥ 35 mg/dl |
| What are the Types of hypercholesterolemia: | Primary – genetic Familial hypercholesterolemia. Secondary – diet and metabolic diseases High caloric diet Consumption of saturated fats Sedentary life style Diabetes )Type II) Obesity |
| Describe Treatment plan for hypercholesterolemia: | diet for 6 months, then meds Bile acid binding resins: Cholestyramine and colestipol – prevent reabsorption of fats Niacin family (B3): Nicotinic acid – lowers VLDL, IDL and LDL HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: the STATIN family like lovastatin (prevents |
| What is the Leading cause of death in US: | Atherosclerosis |
| Describe Arterosclerosis: | Hardening of the arteries, large to midsize Coronary and cerebral arteries most affected arteries. |
| When does Atherosclerosis begin: | At age 20 about 60% of Americans start to built the fibrous plaque in the arteries. |
| What are the Risk factors for atherosclerosis: | Age: men ≥ 45 and women ≥ 55 , menopause w/o HRT Positive FHx Cigarette smoking, current HTN Low HDL ( less than 35 mg/dl), total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl Diabetes Obesity, lack of exercise and stress |
| Effects of atherosclerosis: | Can cause vessel narrowing and ischemia Also: Risk of rupture, hemorrhage Weakening of the wall and aneurysm formation |
| What Arteries are at risk of Atherosclerosis: | coronary, brain, kidney, lower extremity |
| Know the Blood pressure control cycle |
Created by:
bastyr41
Popular Acupuncture sets