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Oceans and Seas chp.
chapter 19
| QUESTIONS | ANSWERS |
|---|---|
| Oceans cover what percent of the earth? | 71% |
| What are the 4 major oceans? | Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic |
| What is a large body of saltwater partially or nearly completely enclosed by land? | Sea |
| What is a submerged edge of a continent extending from the coastline to some distance offshore? | Continental Shelf |
| A continental shelf extends approximately how many miles from the coast? | 43 |
| How many feet deep is a cont. shelf? | 440 feet |
| where does a submarine canyon occur? | On the ocean floor |
| What is a sea bottom at the foot of the continental slope? | continental rise |
| A flat, deep sea floor of an ocean basin usually formed by earthquakes and has many volcanoes? | Abysal Plain |
| An abysal plain contains what ridges? | ocean-floor |
| Any submerged mountain like structure on the sea bottom (guyots is a flat topped one) | Sea mount |
| Deep canyon on the sea floor thats usually present where two plates cone together | Trench |
| Coral reefs are made up of what? | calcium carbonate |
| Coral reefs require what to live? | light |
| where is a fringing reef located? | along a coastline thats in contact with the shore |
| where are barrier reefs located? | away from the shore |
| A ring of low coral islands and reef surrounding a central lagoon that is in most cases built on a submerged volcano | Atoll |
| Sea water is a complex solution of water and two other dissolved substances | minerals and gases |
| Sea water is mostly... | sodium chloride (salt) |
| What are 2 ways minerals leave the ocean? | living organisms and they are deposited on the sea floor |
| What is residence time the average time between? | A particles entrance into the ocean and its removal |
| Removes salt from sea water | Disolinate |
| Sea water is pumped at high pressure to allow water molecules to pass through but prevents salt and other particles from crossing over. | Reverse osmosis |
| Tides are caused by what? | the moon's gravitational pull |
| The moon's gravity causes is a... | bulge |
| How many high tides are in 24 hours and 50 minutes? | 2 |
| How many low tides are in 24 hours and 50 minutes? | 2 |
| What are solar tides? | tides caused by the sun's gravity |
| How are they different from lunar tides? | they are smaller |
| How many times each month are the sun, moon, and earth in a straight line? | 2 |
| What is a high tide that occures when the sun, moon, and earth are lined up? | spring tide |
| What is a lower tide that occures when the earth, sun, and moon form a right angle? | neap tide |
| Particles in waves move in what sort of path? | circular |
| What are the five characteristics of waves? | crest, trough, wave height, wave length, and wave base |
| A wave where in the top of the wave falls over on the forward side of the wave. | breaker |
| waves approach the shore how? | angle |
| What pulls water and shore materials back into the ocean? | gravity |
| What is a current that flows parallel to the shore and is caused by waves that approach the shore at an angle? | longshore current |
| rapid currents flowing outward to sea from indentations along a shore on which large waves are breaking | rip current |
| what are rip currents also called? | undertow |
| What is formed by erosion of a cliff face by waves? | sea cave |
| what is a coastal erosional formation resembling a bridge sometimes over a sea cave? | sea arch |
| mass of rock that wave erosion has isolated from the shore | stack |
| narrow sand formation deposited by waves and currents that extends out from a ehadland, often across froma bay or inlet | spit |
| a spit that has a sharp bend | hook |
| spit that extends across the mouthb of a bay closing it to the sea | bay barrier |
| formed when waves deposit sand across the mouth of a bay or along a coastline but has no connection with the mainland | barrier island |
| caused by winds | surface currents |
| what two things affect currents? | wind and the coriolis effect |
| what is the coriolis effect? | rotation of the earth |
| northern hemisphere currents flow... | clockwise |
| southern hemisphere currents flow... | counterclockwise |
| an east flowing current along the equator dividing the northern and southern west flowing currents | equitorial |
| currents affect what? | weather |
| large currents flowing in the depths of the ocean | subsurface currents |
| What current was created by the tendency of denser, more saline water to sink and displace less dense less saline water which rises? | density current |
| fast subsurface current caused byt he weight of large amounts of suspended sediment | turbidity current |
| rising to the surface of cold, nutrient-rich water from the depths of the ocean | upwelling |
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