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A&P 2 - E3 - P2
A&P 2 - Exam 3 - Part 2 - Digestive Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary function of the digestive system is to bring essential nutrients into the _________ environment of the body so that they are available to each cell of the body. | internal |
| Food being taken in is known as _______. | ingestion |
| _________ is the breakdown of complex nutrients into simple nutrients. | digestion |
| The _________ of the GI wall is the physical break down of large chunks of food material and movement of food along the tract. | motility |
| The secretion of digestive ________ allows chemical digestion. | enzymes |
| ________ is the movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment. | absorption |
| Absorption is the movement of nutrients through the GI ________ into the internal environment. | mucosa |
| _________ is the excretion of material that is not absorbed. | elimination |
| __________ digestion is made up of the movements of the digestive tract. | mechanical |
| Digestion changes ingested food from _______ particles into _______ particles, facilitating _______ digestion. | large, minute, chemical |
| Digestion churns the contents of the GI ________ to mix with digestive juices and come in contact with the surface of the intestinal _________, facilitating __________. | lumen, mucosa, absorption |
| The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is also known as the ___________. | alimentary tract |
| Chewing is also known as _________. | mastication |
| Mastication mixes food with ________ in preparation for swallowing. | saliva |
| ________ is the process of swallowing which is a complex process requiring coordinated and rapid movements. | deglutition |
| The ________ stage of deglutition takes place from the mouth to the oropharynx. | oral |
| What is a formation of food during the oral stage of digestion? | bolus |
| What are the 3 stages of deglutition? | oral, pharyngeal, esophageal |
| The ________ stage of deglutition takes place from the oropharynx to the esophagus. | pharyngeal |
| The ________ stage of deglutition takes place from the esophagus to the stomach. | esophageal |
| A combination of _________ and ________ move bolus into the esophagus and then to the stomach. | contractions, gravity |
| Both the pharygeal and esophageal stages of deglutition involve __________ movement. | involuntary |
| ______ and _______ are the 2 main types of motility produced by the smooth muscle of the GI tract. | peristalsis, segmentation |
| ______ and _______, types of motility, can occur together or in alternating fashion. | peristalsis, segmentation |
| peristalsis and segmentation are the 2 main types of motility produced by the _________ of the GI tract. | smooth muscle |
| _________ is a wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ. | peristalsis |
| _________ is a progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract. | peristalsis |
| _________ is a mixing movement. | segmentation |
| During _________ digestive reflexes cause a forward and backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract. | segmentation |
| What type of motility helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food in contact with intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption? | segmentation |
| ________ motility empties the stomach which takes approximately _______. | gastric, 2 to 6 hours |
| During gastric motility, food is churned and mixed with gastric juices to form ________. | chyme |
| Chyme is ejected about every ______ into the ______. | 20 seconds, duodenum |
| Gastric emptying is controlled by ________ and ________ mechanisms. | hormonal, nervous |
| _________, a hormone, acts to decrease peristalsis of gastric muscle slows the passage of chyme into the duodenum. | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| _______ in the duodenum stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory peptide. | fats |
| Gastric inhibitory peptide acts to decrease ________ of gastric muscle slows the passage of _____ into the duodenum. | peristalsis, chyme |
| The __________ reflex occurs because receptors in the duodenal mucosa are sensitive to the presence of acid and distention. | enterogastric |
| The enterogastric reflex occurs because receptors in the duodenal mucosa are sensitive to the presence of _____ and ______. | acid, distention |
| During the enterogastric reflex, impulses over sensory and motor fibers in the ______ cause a reflex ______ of gastric peristalsis. | vagus nerve, inhibition |
| Intestinal motility includes ______ and _______. | peristalsis, segmentation |
| Segmentation in duodenum and upper jejunum mixes chyme with digestive juices from the _______, _______, and ______ mucosa | pancreas, liver, intestinal |
| The rate of peristalsis picks up as chyme approaches the end of the _______, moving it through the rest of the small intestine into the large intestine. | jejunum |
| Chyme normally takes approximately _______ to pass through the small intestine. | 5 hours |
| Intestinal peristalsis is regulated in part by intrinsic _______ reflexes which are stimulated by _________ | stretch, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) |
| CCK is short for ______. | cholecystokinin-pancreozymin |
| There are changes in the chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract, these changes are a result of ________. | hydrolysis |
| Digestive enzymes are extracellular, organic (protein) _________. | catalysts |
| Digestive enzymes are _________, organic (protein) catalysts. | extracellular |
| Principles of enzyme action: ________ in their action | specific |
| Principles of enzyme action: Functionally optimal at a specific ____. | pH |
| Principles of enzyme action: Enzymes are continually being destroyed or eliminated from the body and must continually be ________. | synthesized |
| Principles of enzyme action: digestive enzymes are synthesized as inactive ________. | proenzymes |
| Carbohydrates are ______ compounds. | saccharide |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by ________ to form disaccharides. | amylases |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by amylases to form ________. | disaccharides |
| The final steps of carbohydrate digestion are catalyzed by _______, ______, and _______, which are found in the cell membrane of epithelial cells covering the villi that line the intestinal lumen. | sucrase, lactase, maltase |
| The final steps of carbohydrate digestion are catalyzed by sucrase, lactase, and maltase which are found in the cell membrane of ______ cells covering the ______ that line the intestinal lumen. | epithelial, villi |
| Protein compounds are made up of twisted chains of ________. | amino acids |
| __________ catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins into intermediate compounds and, finally, into amino acids | proteases |
| What are the 3 main proteases in protein digestion? | pepsin, trypsin, peptidases |
| What is the protease in gastric juice? | pepsin |
| What is the protease in pancreatic juice? | trypsin |
| What is the protease in intestinal brush border? | peptidases |
| Fats must be emulsified by _____ in small intestine before being digested. | bile |
| Pancreatic _______ is the main fat-digesting enzyme. | lipase |
| Some compounds of food resist ________ and are eliminated as feces. | digestion |
| Saliva is secreted by ________ glands. | salivary |
| _______ lubricates food and, with water, facilitates mixing. | mucus |
| _______ is an enzyme that begins the digestion of starches. | amylase |
| _______ increases pH for optimum amylase function. | sodium bicarbonate |
| Gastric juice is secreted by ______ glands. | gastric |
| Pepsin, which is a protease that begin the digestion of proteins, is secreted as inactive _______ by _______ cells. | pepsinogen, chief |
| Hydrochloric acid, which is secreted by _______ cells, decreases the pH of chyme for activation and optimum function of _______. | parietal, pepsin |
| Intrinsic factor, which is secreted by _______ cells, protects vitamin ____ and later facilitates its absorption. | parietal, B12 |
| Mucus and water lubricates, protects, and facilitates mixing of _______. | chyme |
| Pancreatic juice is secreted by _______ and ______ cells of the pancreas. | acinar, duct |
| Proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes that digest ________ and ________. | proteins, polypeptides |
| Lipases are enzymes that digest emulsified _________. | fats |
| ________ are enzymes that digest nucleic acids such as _____ and _____. | nucleases, DNA, RNA |
| Amylase is an enzyme that digests __________. | starches |
| Sodium bicarbonate increases _____ for optimum enzyme function; its manufacture also helps restore normal _______ of blood. | pH, pH |
| Bile is secreted by the ________ and is stored and concentrated in the ________. | liver, gallbladder |
| ________ and _______ emulsify fats by encasing them in shells to form tiny spheres called ________. | lecithin, bile salts, micelles |
| _______, products of detoxification, and bile pigments such as _______ are waste products excreted by the liver and eventually eliminated in the feces. | cholesterol, bilirubin |
| Intestinal juice is secreted by intestinal _______ cells. | exocrine |
| ______ and _______ lubricate and aid in the continued mixing of chyme. | mucus, water |
| Only ______ mechanisms control the secretion of saliva. | reflex |
| _______ and ______ stimuli come from the presence of food in the mouth. | chemical, mechanical |
| _______ and ______ stimuli come from the smell and sight of food. | olfactory, visual |
| What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion? | cephalic, gastric, intestinal |
| The _________ phase of digestive secretion is known as the "psychic phase," since mental factors activate the mechanism. | cephalic |
| During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, ________ fibers in branches of the vagus nerve conduct stimulating efferent impulses to the glands which stimulates the production of _______. | parasympathetic, gastrin |
| The _______ phase of gastric secretion occurs when products of protein digestion reach the _____ portion of the stomach. | gastric, pyloric |
| During the gastric phase of gastric secretion, gastrin accelerates secretion of gastric juice, ensuring enough ________ are present to digest food. | enzymes |
| During the _______ phase of gastric secretion, various mechanisms seem to adjust gastric secretion as chyme passes to and through the intestinal tract. | intestinal |
| During the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, endocrine reflexes involving gastric ______, _______, and _______ inhibit gastric secretions. | inhibitory peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin |
| Pancreatic secretion is stimulated by several hormones released by intestinal _________. | mucosa |
| ________ evokes production of pancreatic fluid low in _______ content but high in ________. | secretin, enzyme, sodium bicarbonate |
| Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin has several functions in ________ secretion. | pancreatic |
| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it causes increased exocrine secretion from the _________. | pancreas |
| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it opposes _______, thus inhibiting gastric ______ secretion. | gastrin, HCL |
| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it stimulates contraction of the ________ so that ________ is ejected into the duodenum. | gallbladder, bile |
| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it causes bile to be continually secreted by the ________. | liver |
| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it stimulates intestinal _______ to release hormones that increase the production of intestinal juice. | mucosa |
| The process of absorption consists of the passage of substances through the _______ into the _______ or ________. | intestinal mucosa, blood, lymph |
| Most absorption occurs in the __________. | small intestine |
| For some substances such as water, absorption occurs by simple _______ or _______. | diffusion, osmosis |
| Sodium is absorbed (transported) through _______. | active transport |
| Glucose is absorbed (coupled transport) through _______. | sodium cotransport |
| Fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol are transported with the aid of _________ from the lumen to absorbing cells of the _______. | bile salts, villi |
| After food is absorbed, it travels to the ________ via the _______. | liver, portal system |
| The act of expelling feces is called __________. | defecation |
| Defecation occurs as a result of a reflex brought about by stimulation of receptors in the ________ that is produced when the rectum is __________. | rectal mucosa, distended |
| ________ occurs when the contents of the lower colon and rectum move at a slower than normal rate. | constipation |
| During constipation, extra water is absorbed from the feces, resulting in ________. | hardened stool |
| ________ is the result of increased motility of the small intestine, causing decreased absorption of water and electrolytes and a ________. | diarrhea, watery stool |
| The primary contribution of the digestive system to ________ is to provide a constant nutrient concentration in the internal environment. | homeostasis |
| The teeth and tongue, along with the respiratory system and the nervous system are important in producing ________. | spoken language |
| Gastric acids aid the ________ system by destroying potentially harmful bacteria. | immune |
| Regulation of digestive motility and secretion requires the ________ system and ________ system. | nervous, endocrine |
| Oxygen for digestive activity needs the proper functioning of _______ and ______ systems. | respiratory, circulatory |
| ________ and _______ systems support and protect the digestive organs. | integumentary, skeletal |
| The ________ system is needed for ingestion, mastication, deglutition, and defecation to occur normally. | muscular |
| Stomach and intestinal inflammation is known as ________. | gastroenteritis |
| Vomiting is also known as ________. | emesis |
| Inflammation of the large intestine is known as _______. | colitis |
| Bulging sacs or pouches of the inner lining of the intestine (diverticulosis) that become inflamed or infected is known as ________. | diverticulitis |
| Scarring of the liver is known as __________. | cirrhosis |
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