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In life-threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by what method?
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What byproduct of protein catabolism constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste?
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BIO 202: Exam 4

urinary/digestive systems, electrolyte, acid/base balance

QuestionAnswer
In life-threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by what method? gluconeogenesis
What byproduct of protein catabolism constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste? urea
What are the functions of the kidney? filter blood plasma, separate waste from useful chemicals, returns useful substances to blood, eliminates wastes, regulates blood volume/pressure by eliminating/conserving water, regulate osmolarity of body fluids, secretes renin
A renal pyramid voids urine into what structure(s)? collecting tubules
Where does the transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occur in the nephron? glomerulus
What structures form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wraps around the capillaries of the glomerulus? podocytes
Which area of the nephron and kidney is primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla? juxtamedullary nephrons
By what process(es) are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate? in the proximal convoluted tubule by active transport
In a healthy kidney, what substances are not filtered by the glomerulus? protein, blood cells, large anions, minerals, hormones, and molecules >8nm in diameter
What situations would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? (this refers to different pressures; high to low) Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
When there is a significant drop in blood pressure what substance stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet? angiotensin II
What area of the nephron demonstrates a great deal of active transport, collectively accounting for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption? Active transport from one’s daily resting ATPproximal convoluted tubule of all the nephons
What is the direct result of antidiuretic hormone? Decrease in urine volume. ADH is an antidiuretic hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary and functions to make a collecting duct more permeable to water.
Which component structure of the nephron is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? Collecting duct (Proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule)
What should normal urine from a healthy person not contain? blood, WBCs, sugar (glucose)—diabetes
If you know the urine output of a patient in the hospital (mL/min) & the concentration of urea in mg/mL; and you are then told the urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL in the blood, be able to calculate the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate? a. C=UV/P (C=renal clearance, U=waste concentration of urine, V=rate of urine output, P=waste concentration of plasma)
What is micturition and what governs its onset? elimination of urine from the body and its onset is governed by the filling of the bladder
Is the thick or thin segment of the nephron loop impermeable to water? thin segment
Why does glomerular filtration occur in respect to glomerular oncotic pressure and glomerular blood pressure? when glomerular oncotic and blood pressures are high, glomerular filtration will occur
What regulates chloride homeostasis and how is it related to sodium homeostasis? sodium homeostasis; as sodium is retained or excreted, chloride ions passively flow
How does the buffering capability of the kidneys compare to other organs? the buffers help to stabilize the pH of body fluids
Where is most of the body water located? blood cells
When edema occurs, where and in which compartment would fluid be expected to accumulate? in the extracellular fluid of the leg; in interstitial spaces
Where is a person’s fluid intake regulated and what type of sensor is involved? via the skin and the kidneys; osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? increases water retention by the kidneys, reduces urine volume, and helps prevent dehydration
Explain how dehydration increases blood and ECF osmolarity. dehydration results in an increased blood and ECF osmolarity. Osmoreceptors stimulate ADH secretion by the hypothalamus increasing water absorption in the DCT and CD
What are the principal cations in the ICF and ECF? ICF-potassium; ECF-sodium
What is the role of aldosterone? ”salt retaining hormone;” increases Na+ reabsorption and water and the release of K secretion. This increases blood volume, therefore increases blood pressure.
Why do women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle? estrogen mimics the action of aldosterone
What cation or anion is largely responsible for maintaining intracellular volume? potassium
What is the equation that represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? CO2+H2O=H2CO3=HCO3-+H+
What is the normal Ph range of tissue fluid? 7.35-7.45
What are the main buffers for intracellular fluid? proteins
How do the kidneys respond to acidosis? The kidneys will secrete H2PO4. The kidneys compensate for pH imbalances of respiratory origin.
What happens if an excess of antacids is taken? metabolic alkalosis—too much bicarbonate in the blood—pH of tissue is elevated beyond normal range
If you breathe with your head inside a plastic bag what will happen? The bag will allow CO2 to increase and the respiratory centers are signaled to increase the rate and depth of breathing—return to normal CO2 and slows the breathing rate
How are fats digested? (Which enzymes are used and where are they located?) lipases located in pancreas
What does the large intestine absorb? Water, Na+ and K, bacteria that multiply and live off the substances in the intestine
Which nutrients are absorbed without digestion? Vitamins, free amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water
Anatomically, what are the small and large intestine suspended from the abdominal wall? peritoneum
What regulates digestive motility? enteric nervous system
What regulates digestive tract secretions? enteric nervous system
What regulates digestive tract blood flow? enteric nervous system
What cells secrete hydrochloric acid? parietal cells
What is the function of chief cells and where are they located? secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen; located in lower half of gastric glands
What is pepsinogen, where is it produced, and by what cells? a zymogen and a protein; produced in the stomach (gastric glands) by chief cells
What activates the secretion of pepsinogen? HCl (hydrochloric acid)
What are the components of bile and which one has digestive properties? Bilirubin (pigment), Urobilinogen (brown color of feces), bile acids (steroids synthesized from cholesterol), and Lecithin (a phospholipid—aids in digestion)
Explain the sodium-glucose transport protein and its role. a family of glucose transporters; transport glucose across the apical membrane against an uphill glucose gradient
What is the makeup of feces by weight? 75% water, 25% solids; 30% bacteria, 30% undigested fiber, 10% to 20% fat
What stimulates the process of defecation? stretching of rectum
What organ systems excrete waste products? liver, kidneys, lungs, skin (sweat glands)
Created by: slarmentrout
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