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Dat bio
genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _______the basic unit of heredity | gene |
| alternative form of a gene | allele |
| Mendels law of dominance | dominant allele appears in the phenotype |
| ___ one trait is studied | monohybrid cross |
| in a monohybrid cross if two heterozygotes are crossed | 1:2:1 genotype 3:1 phenotype |
| testcross we cross ______ to the unknown genotype | recessive |
| _______two different traits are stuudied on different chromosomes | dihybrid cross |
| in dihybrid cross if two heterozygotes are crossed | 9:3:3:1 phenotype |
| Incomplet dominance | the phenotyps blend |
| in incomplet dominance if heterozygotes are crossed we get | 1:2:1 phenotypes |
| Codominance | more than one dominant |
| ______ pairs autosomes in humans | 22 |
| sex linnked recessive traits are transferred from | father to daughter to grandson |
| nondisjunction | failure of separation of homolog in meiosisI or sister chromatids in meiosis II |
| down syndrome is caused by | trisomy of 21 chromosome |
| mutations in somatic cells may cause | tumors |
| mutations in sex cells will | be transmitted to offspring |
| sickle cell is caused by | substitution of valine (GUA or GUG) for glutaminc acid (GAG or GAA) |
| ____ is the basis of heredity | DNA |
| basic structure of DNA | deoxyribose bonded to both phosphate and nitrogenous base |
| Pyrimidines eg. | cytosine and thymine |
| Purine eg. | adenine and guanine |
| ______ have single C-nitrogen ring | Pyrimidine |
| _______ have double rings | purines |
| G ____ bonds to ______ | triple; cytosine |
| A _____ bonds to _____ | double; thymine |
| which nucleotide base pair is stronger and more stable | G triple bond to cytosine |
| semi conservative strand | replication involves an intact strand from parent |
| exons | code for proteins "sense" |
| introns | dont code for proteins "nonsense" |
| ________ unzips the heliz | Dna helicase |
| ______ complementary base pair the exposed base on one strand | DNa polymerase |
| codon | translation of dna to amino acids |
| function of rna | interpret dna code to direct protein synthesis |
| structure of rna | single stranded; ribose; uracil instead of thymine |
| DNA to mRNA | transcription |
| mRNA to protein | translation |
| start codon | AUG |
| stop codon | UAG, UGA, UAA |
| role of mRNA | transports complement of DNa from nucleus to ribosome |
| mRNA have _______ of DNA code | "inverted" complementary |
| most abundant rna | rRNA |
| role of tRNA | translate nucleotide code to amino acid sequence to ribisome |
| role of rRNA | main component of ribosome |
| _____ is synthesized in the nucleolus | rRNA |
| process of transcription | RNA polymerase transcribes DNA seq to mRNA sequence - before translation enzymes remove introns and splice together extrons |
| translation | translate nucleotide to amino acid language; occurs in cytoplasm |
| process of translation | mRNA has leader sequence that allows ribosome to bind - when it reaches start codon it finds a tRNA with activated anticodon -the other end of tRNA names the amino acid -ribosome enzyme forms peptide bond -stop codon signals end of translation |
| the first amino acid of all proteins | methione |
| ribosomes have ____ binding sites for : | 3, mrna, and 2 for trna |
| the 2 subunits of ribosome bind only ____ | during protein synthesis |
| P site of ribosome | is for the trna with growing polypeptide |
| A site on ribosome | is for the trna with incoming amino acid terminal complex |
| polyribosome | many ribosome simultaneously transl8 single mRNA |
| G1 (first gap phase) | gap betwen cell division and dna replication |
| S ( synthesis phase) | cell dna is replicated |
| G2 (second gap phase) | gap b/t cell division and dna replication |
| M (mitotic phase) | cell division |
| Phases G1, S and G2 are collectively | Interphase |
| bacteria has a circular chromosome located in | nucleoid |
| bacteria dna is synthesized in which direction | 5' to 3' |
| bacteria reproduce by | binary fission ( asexual repr) |
| bacteria increase genetic variance by: | Transformation; conjugation; transduction |
| transformation | foreign plasmid incorporated in bacteria chromosome |
| conjugation | "sex" F+ (donor) transfers genetic material to F- |
| transduction | bacterial chromosome packaged in virus then inserted in a new host. |
| cross b/t orgs with different genes for same trait | recombination |
| _____ controls gene expression in prokaryotes | Transcription |
| in prokaryotes _______ binds to ______ to prevent genes being transscribed | repressor; operator |
| _____ the initial binding site for RNA polymerase in prokaryotes | Promoter gene |
| ______ synthesizes repressor molecule | Regulator gene |
| ______ binds to repressor to prevent it from binding to operator | inducer |
| Inducible system | requires inducer to allow transcription to occur |
| Repressible system | system will be in continuous transcription unless correpressor is present |
| correpressor role | attaches to repressor gene and activates it to prevent transcription |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects host bacteria |
| lytic cycle | bacteria cell bursts to release virions |
| lysogenic cycle | harmless unless change in environment then goes into lytic cycle |
| southern blots | detect specific dna sequence |
| dna ligase | joins dna fragments |
| PCR | amplify genes by: -denatured dna has primers added to complement then dna polymerase to |
Created by:
smuttz
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