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Computer Network
Module Five - Core TCP/IP Protocols
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protocols (definition) | Rules that govern how networks communicate and define the standards for communication |
| Protocols Perform chores like | Data translation, Data handling, Error checking and Addressing |
| Protocols | Often operate as groups of individual protocols that work together |
| Multi-protocol networks | Networks running more than one protocol |
| Major protocol groups (Suite) | TCP/IP, IPX/SPX and Appletalk |
| Protocols vary by | speed, efficiency, resource use, configuration, compatibility, and routability oRoutable protocols traverse network segments, non-routable protocols do not |
| TCP/IP Suite | •Most commonly used LAN protocol suite •Highly flexible protocol suite that runs on nearly all modern NOS and equipment •Extremely popular, routable and low cost |
| Core protocols: (5) | TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP and ARP |
| TCP (3) | •Transport layer•Provides reliability, flow control, and sequencing information •Connection-oriented protocol |
| UDP (2) | •Transport layer•Connection-less protocol used for transmitting data quickly •More efficient |
| Which TCP/IP Core transport layer protocol is more efficient? (Efficient here means less overhead) | UDP |
| IP (4) | •Network Layer •Provides information on how and where data should be delivered •Contains the information to properly route data •Connectionless and unreliable, but IP ensures that packets are delivered to the correct address |
| What is the maximum size of an IP datagram? | 65,535 bytes and 16 bits long in length |
| ICMP/IGMP (3) | •Network Layer •Notifies the source if packets are not delivered •Used by diagnostic utilities checking network connectivity |
| ARP (RARP)(3) Address Resolution Protocol | • Used when the MAC address for a node is unknown • Discovers and maps the node’s MAC address to its IP address • Stores data in ARP table (local network only) |
| What command will allow a user to view the ARP table on a Windows workstation? | arp-a |
| Classful IP Addresses (IPv4)(4) | •Hierarchical, 32-bits long and written in dotted-decimal notation |
| Class A, B and C addresses are one of three types | Network, Broadcast, Individual host/node |
| Network | identified by all zeros in the host field |
| Broadcast | identified by all ones in the host field |
| Individual host/node | identified by zeros and ones in the host field |
| What are class D and E addresses reserved for? | Multicasting and Experimental |
| Loopback Addresses | Allows for diagnostic testing |
| What command is used to view IP info on a Windows workstation? | ipconfig |
| Subnet Mask (or just “Mask”) | •Secondary number that accompanies IP addresses •Has many of the same attributes of an IP address •Default Masks for classful addresses |
| Manipulation of the default subnet mask creates subnets | oMakes TCP/IP highly flexible to network administrators oAdministrators can divide one network into many sub networks |
| Subnetting | othird type of information oaccomplished by borrowing from the original host field |
| Why do network administrators create subnets? | To control traffic and to make the best use of a limited number of IP Addresses |
| IP address assignments (How do nodes/hosts get an IP Address?) Two Methods: | Static and Automatic |
| Static | Manual assignment by administrator |
| Automatic (DHCP, BOOTP or APIPA) | Automated way of assigning IP Addresses to network devices Reduces management time and the potential for error Addresses assigned as a lease and may be terminated, released and/or renewed. APIPA example: 169.254.X.X (where X = 0-255) |
| Which layer of the OSI Model does DHCP belong to? | Application Layer |
| Identify the Transport Layer Protocol that sends the DHCP discover packet. | UDP Protocol to the DHCP/Boot / Server |
| What is APIPA best suited for? | Small network (10 computers or less) that do not use DHCP Servers, in which case it makes IP address management very easy |
| IP Addresses (IPv6) (2) | • Replacement for IPv4 • 128 bits long, increase of 296 additional IP addresses (over IPv4) |
| IPv6 addresses are written in | •Hexadecimal (32 digits) o1224:AB56:0000:88EF:0000:0000:0000:AEFF |
| Identify the abbreviated IPv6 loopback address. | ::1 |
| Three Types of IPv6 Addresses | Unicast, Multicast, and Anycast |
| Unicast | assigned to a single device |
| Multicast | assigned to a group of devices Global multi-cast Link-local multicast |
| Anycast | currently assigned to router interfaces. Allows a targeted broadcast |
| Format prefix | variable length field that identifies the type of address |
| Port Numbers | define a specific process (data transfer, web page download, etc.) |
| Port numbers between 0 and 1023 are called | Well known port numbers |
| Port numbers between 1024 and 49151 are called | registered ports |
| Port numbers between 49152 and 65535 are called | dynamic/private numbers |
| Sockets | a logical address assigned to a specific process running on a PC oCombination of the host computer’s IP Address and the port number oFor example: 169.254.99.221:21 |
| Host Names | •Internet/WWW organizations must have a qualified domain name |
| Obtain a qualified domain name by: | oChoosing a top-level domain oRegistering a unique name within the top-level domain |
| In the following Web address - www.clinton.edu - which character string represents the TLD? | .edu |
| DNS (Domain Name System) | oHierarchical, automated method of tracking Internet domain names oAssociates IP address with host name |
| What are the three components of DNS service? | Resolver, name server, and name space |
| Name Space | database of IP addresses to names Resource Records – single record within the name space database |
| Name Server | •Holds the database of domain names and their associated IP Address •Different hierarchical levels of name servers •Root Servers |
| Root Servers | Upper most Name Servers oMaintained by ICANN |
| Resolver | Queries the Name Servers for the IP Address of a particular domain name |
| Which protocol allows an administrator to log on to a remote router to perform configuration changes? | Telenet |
| TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols (3) | FTP/TFTP (File Transfer Protocol), NTP (Network Time Protocol), PING (Packet Internet Groper) |
| FTP/TFTP (File Transfer Protocol) | oUsed to send and receive files oTFTP is a streamlined version of FTP |
| NTP (Network Time Protocol) | Used to synchronous computer clocks on a network |
| Identify the Transport Layer Protocol that facilitates NTP. | UDP |
| What is PING used for? | verify that TCP/IP is installed, bound to the NIC, configured correctly, and communicating with the network. |
| Domain Name (def) | The symbolic name that identifies a domain. |
| FTP (def) | An application layer protocol used to send and receive files via TCP/IP |
| ifconfig/ipconfig (def) | A TCP/IP configuration and management utility used with UNIX and Linux systems. |
| Loopback Address (def) | An IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself (used mostly for troubleshooting purposes). |
| Multicasting (def) | A means of transmission in which one device sends data to a specific group of devices (not necessarily the entire network segment) in a point-to-multipoint fashion. |
| Name Space (def) | The database of Internet IP addresses and their associated names distributed over DNS name servers worldwide. |
| Resolver (def) | Any host on the Internet that needs to look up domain name information. |
| Root Server (def) | A DNS server maintained by ICANN and IANA that is an authority on how to contact the top-level domains, such as those ending with .com, .edu, .net, .us, and so on. |
| Subnet (def) | a part of a network in which all nodes shares a network addressing component and a fixed amount of bandwidth |
| Subnetting (def) | the process of subdiving a single class of network into multiple, smaller networks. |
| TTL (time to live) (def) | a number that indicates the maximum time that a datagram or packet can remain on the network before it is discarded. |
| Well Known Ports (def) | The TCP/IP port numbers 0 to 1023, so named because they were long ago assigned by Internet authorities to popular services (for example, FTP and Telnet), and are, therefore, well known and frequently used. |
| Zeroconf (def) | A collection of protocols designed by the IETF to simplify the setup of nodes on a TCP/IP netowrk. |
| How many octets in a classful ip address (IPv4) | •Four octets (fields) |
| Each field contains one type of information | Network info or Host info |
| First octet always indicates | the address class – A, B, C, D or E |
| Class A - 1st Octet Range and Binary Format | 1 -126 00000001-01111111 |
| Class B - 1st Octet Range and Binary Format | 128-191 10000000-10111111 |
| Class C - 1st Octet Range and Binary Format | 192-223 11000000-11011111 |
| Class D - 1st Octet Range and Binary Format | 224-239 11100000-11101111 |
| Class E - 1st Octet Range and Binary Format | 240-254 11110000-11111110 |
| Network/ Host Fields Class A | Network / Host/ Host / Host |
| Network/ Host Fields Class B | Network/ Network/ Host / Host |
| Network/ Host Fields Class C | Network/ Network/ Network/ Host |
| Subnet Mask / Mask (dotted decimal) Class A | 255.0.0.0 |
| Subnet Mask / Mask (dotted decimal) Class B | 255.255.0.0 |
| Subnet Mask / Mask (dotted decimal) Class C | 255.255.255.0 |
| Loopback Address local host | 127.0.0.1 |
| APIPA example | 169.254.X.X where X=0-255 |
| Network info example | Maple Street |
| Host info example | 25 Maple Street |
| Loopback operations reserved addresses | Entire range of 127.0.0.0 |
| Shorthand notation :: (For example: 1224:AB56:0000:88EF::AEFF) | One short hand substitution for “zero” fields is allowed in each address |
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booaphi
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