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Computer Hardware
Module 5 - Upgrading Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory Bank | The memory a processor addresses at one time |
| General Protection Fault (GPF) | A windows error that occurs when a program attempts to access a memory address that is not available or is no longer assigned to it. |
| Parity | An error-checking scheme in which a ninth, or “parity”, bit is added. |
| Parity Error | An error that occurs when the number of 1s in the byte is not in agreement with the expected number. |
| Memory | • Storage for active programs and data, workspace for the CPU • Two categories of memory: RAM and ROM • Perfect world – RAM speed = CPU speed |
| Read Only Memory (ROM) | • Nonvolatile, permanent, stored in firmware, often shadowed to RAM (shadowing ROM) • Modern ROMs are updated by Flashing (EEPROM) • Slowest Memory Technology, not refreshed |
| Random Access Memory (Random?) | • Term is often used to describe Primary Storage • Volatile, found in discrete modules and as chips on various devices |
| Q1. Identify the two categories of RAM. | Dynamic Ram (DRAM) and Static Ram (SRAM) |
| Static RAM (SRAM) | • Fastest Memory Technology • Used for Cache – L1, L2, L3 • More expensive to manufacture • Synchronous or Asynchronous • Not refreshed (not dynamic) |
| Dynamic RAM (DRAM) | • Found on SIMMS, DIMMS, and RIMMS • Main System Memory – Primary Storage • Various speeds and technologies • Refreshed (rewrite the data, recharge the single capacitor holding the bit) • Less Expensive to Manufacture than SRAM |
| Q2. Smaller versions of DIMMs for laptops are called: | So-DIMM |
| Smaller versions of DIMMs for sub notebook are called: | Micro dimm |
| Q3. The first DIMM to run synchronized with the system clock was called: | Synchronous Dram (SDRAM) |
| DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Module) | Name comes from independent pins on both side of the module |
| DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Module) | • 64-bit data path • Require 1.6 – 5V |
| DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Module) | • Synchronous (SDRAM)/Single Data Rate (SDR SDRAM) • Double Data Rate (DDR SDRAM) - Rated by throughput (PC Rating) • DDR2 SDRAM - Rated by throughput (PC Rating) o Four data transfers per clock cycle • Newest RAM technology is DDR3 |
| SRAM Vs. SDRAM | SRAM -> processor memory cache SDRAM -> dynamic ram used on DIMMs |
| Q4. In relationship to the clock cycle or system beat, when does DDR SDRAM process data? | Twice: when the beat rises and again when it falls, doubling the data rate of memory. |
| 5. What is needed to set up dual-channeling? | Pair of DIMMs in a channel must be equally matched in size, speed, & features, come from the same manufacturer. |
| Channels (Memory Bank) One DIMM = | One memory bank |
| Channels (Memory Bank) Dual channel - Memory controller | contained in the North Bridge or internal to the CPU,communicates with 2 DIMMS simultaneously o Supported by DDR, DDR2, and DDR3 |
| Channels (Memory Bank) Triple Channel | same as dual channel but communicates with 3 DIMMS simultaneously o Supported by DDR3 only |
| Q6. What is a PC Rating a measure of? | The total bandwidth of data moving between the module and the CPU. |
| DIMM Speeds | • MHz or PC Rating o Data Path is 64 bits, which equals 8 Bytes o PC Rating in MB equals 8 * Rated MHz Speed DDR SDRAM is 64-bits wide 64 bits = 8 Bytes o |
| DIMM Speeds Designed to effectively transfer at 400MHz (transfer at lower speeds too) | 8 * 400MHz = 3200MBps 3200MBps = PC3200 Rating |
| Error Checking – Parity and Error-Correcting Code (ECC) | • Method used to test the integrity of stored data (found on servers mostly) • Parity – older technology that only detects errors • Data path is widened from 64-bits to 72-bits |
| Q7. Briefly describe ECC (Error Correcting Code)? | ECC can detect an error and correct it. |
| Q8. Why are notches present on DIMMs? | Positioned to identify the technologies that the module supports |
| Column Access Strobe (CAS) – Row Access Strobe (RAS) Latency | • Number of clock cycles needed to read/write data • Lower number is faster (CL2 is faster than CL3) |
| Q9. What does it mean to upgrade memory? | Add more RAM to a computer |
| Installing Memory | • DIMMs installed as single modules • Module leads and banks should be matched (tin to tin, gold to gold) • Check documentation for dual/tri-channeling |
| 10. What type of errors can poor-quality memory chips cause? | Frequent errors in windows, or caused the system to be unstable |
| OS Memory Management • Virtual Memory | o Hard drive space for open but inactive or idle programs o Managed by the operating system o Called a Swap File o Managed by the Virtual Memory Manager (Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista) |
| RAM | Random Access Memory |
| ROM | Read Only Memory |
| CPU | Central Process Unit |
| DRAM | Dynamic Ram |
| SRAM | Static Ram |
| SDRAM | Synchronous DRAM |
| SDR SDRAM | Single Data Rate Synchronous DRAM |
| DDR SDRAM | Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM |
| ECC | Error Correcting Code |
| CAS | Column Access Strobe |
| RAS | Row Access Strobe |
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