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A&P 2 - E1 - P5
A&P 2 - Exam 1 - Part 5 - Physiology, Venous Return
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions facilitate venous return by increasing pressure gradient between ______________and _______________. | peripheral veins, vena cava |
| Blood-pumping action of ____________ and _____________ facilitate venous return by increasing pressure gradient between peripheral veins and vena cava. | respirations, skeletal muscle contractions |
| Blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions facilitate venous return by increasing ___________ between peripheral veins and vena cava. | pressure gradient |
| Inspiration __________ the pressure gradient between peripheral and central veins by decreasing central venous pressure and increasing peripheral venous pressure | increases |
| Inspiration increases the pressure gradient between peripheral and central veins by __________ central venous pressure and __________ peripheral venous pressure | decreasing, increasing |
| ____________ promote venous return by squeezing veins through a contracting muscle and milking the blood toward the heart. | skeletal muscle contractions |
| Changes in ___________ change the amount of blood returned to the heart. | total blood volume |
| Capillary exchange is governed by ____________ law of the capillaries. | Starling's |
| ____________ is governed by Starling's law of the capillaries. | capillary exchange |
| At arterial end of capillary, outward ___________ pressure is strongest force; moves fluid out of ___________ and into ____________. | hydrostatic, plasma, interstitial fluid |
| At venous end of capillary, inward ________ pressure is strongest force; moves fluid into _________ from _______. | osmotic, plasma, interstitial fluid |
| _________ of fluid lost by plasma at arterial end is recovered. | 90% |
| The ___________ system recovers fluid not recovered by capillary and returns it to the _________ before it is returned to the heart. | lymphatic, venous blood |
| Mechanisms that change total blood volume most quickly are those that cause __________ to quickly move into or out of the __________. | water, plasma |
| What does ADH stand for? | anti diuretic hormone |
| _____________ decrease the amount of water lost by the body by increasing the amount of water that kidneys reabsorb from urine before the urine is excreted from the body. | ADH mechanisms |
| ADH mechanisms are triggered by input from _____________ and ___________. | baroreceptors, osmoreceptors |
| _______ released when blood pressure in kidney is low. | renin |
| What is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance? | renin-angiotensin system |
| The release of renin leads to increased secretion of ___________, which stimulates retention of __________, causing increased retention of water and an increase in _____________. | aldosterone, sodium, blood volume |
| ___________ is an intermediate compound that causes vasocontriction, which complements the volume-increasing effects of renin and promotes an increase in overall blood flow. | angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II is an intermediate compound that causes _________, which complements the volume-increasing effects of ___________ and promotes an increase in overall blood flow. | vasoconstriction, renin |
| What does ANH stand for? | atrial natriuretic |
| ___________ adjusts venous return from an abnormally high level by promoting the loss of water from plasma, causing a decrease in blood volume; increases urine sodium loss, which causes water to follow osmotically. | ANH mechanism |
| ANH mechanism adjusts venous return from an abnormally high level by promoting the loss of __________ from plasma, causing a ________ in blood volume; increases urine sodium loss, which causes water to follow ________________. | water, decrease, osmotically |
| Arterial blood pressure is measured with the aid of a ___________ and ____________. | sphygmomanometer, stethoscope |
| While measuring arterial blood pressure one must listen for __________ sounds as the pressure of the cuff is gradually _________. | Korotkoff, decreased |
| ___________ is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls while the ventricles are _____________. | systolic blood pressure, contracting |
| ___________ is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls when the ventricles are _____________. | diastolic blood pressure, relaxed |
| What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure? | pulse pressure |
| In ___________ bleeding blood escapes in spurts do to alternating increase and decrease of ___________. | arterial, arterial blood pressure |
| In ___________ bleeding blood flows slowly and steadily due to low, practically constant, pressure. | venous |
| What is the volume of blood circulating through the body per minute? | minute volume |
| Minute volume is determined by the magnitude of ___________ and __________. | blood pressure gradient, peripheral resistance |
| minute volume = pressure gradient + resistance | Poiseuille's Law |
| What is Poiseuille's Law? | minute volume = pressure gradient + resistance |
| Velocity of blood is governed by the physical principle that when a liquid flows from an area of one cross-sectional size to an area of larger size, its velocity _________ in the area with the larger cross section. | decreases |
| Blood velocity is fastest in ________, slower in ___________ and slowest in ___________ because of a greater cross sectional area. | arteries and veins, arterioles and venules, capillaries |
| The ________ is an alternate expansion and recoil of an artery. | pulse |
| The pulse reveals important information regarding ________, ________ and _________. | the cardiovascular system, blood vesssels, circulation |
| The physiological significance of the pulse is that _________ stores energy released during __________, conserving energy generated by the heart and maintaining relatively constant ______________. | expansion, recoil, blood flow |
| Alternating increase and decrease of __________ in a vessel causes a _________. | pressure, pulse |
| The elasticity of _________ walls allows walls to expand with increased pressure and recoil with decreased pressure, this causes a _________. | arterial, pulse |
| Each pulse that starts with ___________ and proceeds as a wave of expansion throughout the arteries. | ventricular contraction |
| The pulse wave generated by a ventricular contraction gradually dissipates, disappearing in the ____________. | capillaries |
| A pulse can be felt wherever an artery lies near the surface and over a bone or other ___________. | firm background |
| The __________ pulse is detectable only in large veins, most prominent near the __________. | venous, heart |
| The venous pulse is not of __________. | clinical importance |
| Blood flow shifts materials from place to place and redistributes ______ and _______. | heat, pressure |
| Blood flow is vital to maintaining ____________ of the internal environment. | homeostasis |
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