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Pathophysiology
Questions regarding Pathophysiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cancer is a disorder of altered cell ______ and ______. | Differentiation and growth |
| The process of cell division results in cellular ________. | Proliferation |
| ______ is the process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure & function of the cells they replace. | Differentiation |
| Proteins called ______ control entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle. | Kinases |
| Kinases are enzymes that ____ proteins. | Phosphorylate |
| Continually renewing cell populations rely on _____ cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide. | Progenitor |
| ____ cells remain incompletely undifferentiated throughout life. | Stem |
| _____ stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stages of the embryo. | Embryonic |
| The term _____ refers to an abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues. | Neoplasm |
| _____ do not usually cause death unless the location interferes with vital organs function. | Benign tumors |
| Malignant neoplasms are less well ____ and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory or lymphatic systems, and form secondary malignant tumors at other sites. | Differentiated |
| Tumors usually are named by adding the suffix- _____ to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated. | -oma |
| A ____ is growth that projects from a mucosal surface. | Polyp |
| The term _____ is used to designate a malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin. | Carcinoma |
| There are two categories of malignant neoplasms, _____ and ____ cancers. | Solid tumors, hematological |
| The term ____ is used to describe the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue. | Anaplasia |
| A characteristic of cancer cells is the ability to proliferate even in the absence of _____. | Growth factors |
| With homologous loss of ____ gene activity, DNA damage goes unrepaired and mutations occur in dividing cells, leading to malignant transformations. | p53 |
| The types of genes involved in cancer are numerous, with two main categories being the ______, which control cell growth and replication, and tumor _____ genes, which are growth-inhibiting regulatory genes. | Protooncogenes, suppressor |
| ______ is the only known retrovirus to cause cancer in humans. | Human T cell leukemia virus-1 |
| Tumor cells must double ____ times before there will be a palpable mass. | 30 |
| A common manifestation of solid tumors is the cancer ___ syndrome. | anorexia-cachexia |
| As cancers grow, they compress and erode blood vessels, causing ____ and _____ along with frank bleeding and sometimes hemorrhage. | ulceration, cachexia |
| _____ is a common side effect of many cancers. It is related to blood loss, hemolysis, impaired red cell production, or treatment effects. | Anemia |
| A tissue _____ involves the removal of a tissue specimen for microscopic study. | biopsy |
| _____ therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. | radiation |
| ______ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites. | chemotherapy |
| Undefined or less differentiated cellular mass | Malignant mass |
| Defines the differentiation potential of stem cells | Cellular potency |
| Stems cells undergoing numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state | Renewal |
| Process of cell division | Proliferation |
| Cancer stem cells | Tumor-initiating cells |
| Mass of cells due to overgrowth | Tumor |
| Process that removes senescent and or damaged cells | Apoptosis |
| Well-differentiated mass of cells | Benign mass |
| Process of cell specialization | Differentiation |
| Study of tumors and their treatment | Oncology |
| Normal gene that can cause cancer if mutated | Protooncogene |
| Ratio of dividing cells to restoring cells | Growth fraction |
| Promote cancer when less active | Tumor suppressor gene |
| Marked by chromosomal aberrations | Genetic instability |
| Changes in gene expression without DNA mutation | Epigenetic effects |
| Loss of cell differentiation | Anaplasia |
| Epithelial cells must be anchored to either neighboring cells or the underlying extracellular matrix | Anchorage dependence |
| Time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double | Doubling time |
| Tumor suppressor gene | p53 |
| The _____ consists of fluid contained within all of the billions of cells in the body. | ICF compartment |
| The ____ contains all the fluids outside the cells, including those in the interstitial or tissue spaces and blood vessels. | ECF compartment |
| _____ are substances that dissociate in solution to form ions. | Electrolytes |
| Particles that do not dissociate into ions such as glucose and urea are called ______. | nonelectrolytes |
| ______ is the movement of charged or uncharged particles along a concentration gradient. | Diffusion |
| _____ is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. | Osmosis |
| ____ refers to the osmolar concentration in 1 L of solution and _____ to the osmolar concentration in 1 kg of water. | Osmolarity, Osmolality |
| The predominant osmotically active particles in the extracellular fluid are ____ and its associated anions (Cl- and HCO3-). | NA+ |
| The difference between the calculated and measured osmolality is called the _____. | osmolar gap |
| ____ proteins and other organic compounds cannot pass through the membrane. | Osmotically active |
| The _____ membrane pump continuously removes three Na+ ions from the cell for every two K+ ions that are moved back into the cell. | Na+ K+ ATPase |
| ____ refers to the movement of water through capillary pores because of a mechanical, rather than an osmotic, force. | Capillary filtration |
| The ____ represents an accessory route whereby fluid from the interstitial spaces can return to the circulation. | lymphatic system |
| _____ is a palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume. | Edema |
| Edema due to decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure usually is the result of inadequate production or abnormal loss of ______. | plasma proteins |
| ____ edema occurs at times when the accumulation of interstitial fluid exceeds the absorptive capacity of the tissue gel. | Pitting |
| _____ represent an accumulation or trapping of body fluids that contribute to body weight but not to fluid reserve or function | third-space fluids |
| Water losses that occur through the skin and lungs are referred to as ____ because they occur without a person's awareness. | insensible water losses |
| Most sodium losses occur through the _____. | kidney |
| The major regulator of sodium and water balance is the maintenance of the ______. | effective circulating volume |
| RAAS exerts its action through ____ and ____. | angiotensin ll, aldosterone |
| _____ is primarily a regulator of water intake and ____ is a regulator of water output. | Thirst, ADH |
| _____ involves compulsive water drinking and is usually seen in persons with psychiatric disorders, most commonly schizophrenia. | Psychogenic polydipsia |
| ____ (DI) is caused by a deficiency of or a decreased response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). | Diabetes insipidus |
| Disorders of sodium concentration produce a change in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid (ECF) with movement water from the ECF compartment into the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment, known as _____. | hyponatremia |
| From ICF compartment into the ECF compartment known as _____. | hypernatremia |
| When the effective circulating blood volume is compromised, the condition is often referred to as _____. | hypovolemia |
| _____ cause sequestering of ECF in the serous cavities, extracellular spaces in injured tissues, or lumen of the gut. | Third-space losses |
| Fluid volume excess represents an ____ expansion of the ECF compartment with increases in both interstitial and vascular volumes. | isotonic |
| _____ represents a plasma sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L. | Hyponatremia |
| _____ hyponatremia represents retention of water with dilution of sodium while maintaining the ECF volume within a normal range. | Normovolemic hypotonic |
| MDMA (Ectasy) and its metabolites have been shown to produce enhanced release of ___ from the hypothalmus. | ADH |
| Positively charged ions | Cations |
| Pressure by which water is drawn into a solution through a semipermeable membrane | Osmotic Pressure |
| Osmotic pressure generated by the plasma proteins that do not pass through the pores of the capillary wall | Cappillary Colloidal osmostic pressure |
| Effect that the effective osmotic pressure of a solution on cell size because of water movement across the cell membrane. | Tonicity |
| The result of increased vascular volume. | Generalized Edema |
| Increased permeability of glomerulus to proteins | Glomerulonephritis |
| Effective osmolality same as the ICF | Isotonic solution |
| Urine output that is required to eliminate wastes | Obligatory urine output |
| Negatively charged ions | Anions |
| Edema due to impaired lymph drainage | Lymphedema |
| Failure of the negative feedback system that regulates the release and inhibition of ADH | SIADH |
| Acts at the cortical collecting tubules to increase sodium reabsorption | Aldosterone |
| Hypertonic concentration | Hypernatremia |
| State of fluid volume excess affecting cardiac function | Circulatory Overload |
| Hypotonic dilution | Hyponatremia |
| Respond to pressure-induced stretch of the vessel walls | Baroreceptors |
| Renal insensitivity to ADH | Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
| Respond to changes in ECF osmolality by swelling or drinking | Osmoreceptors |
| Increases sodium excretion by the kidney | ANP |
| Decrease in the ability to sense thirst | Hypodipsia |
| Can function as acid or base | Amphoretic |
| Molecule that can release an H+ | Acid |
| Measures the level of all the buffer systems of the blood | Whole blood buffer base |
| Anion gap of urine | Delta gap |
| Genetic mitochondrial disorder | MELAS |
| Acute increases in HCO3- | Excess base loading |
| Ion or molecule that can accept an H+ | Base |
| Catalyzes bicarbonate reaction | Carbonic anhydrase |
| Increase in plasma PCO2 | Hypercapnia |
| The degree to which an acid or base in a buffer system dissociates | Dissociation constant |
| The ability of the body to function and maintain _____ under conditions of change in the internal and external env. depends on the thousands of ___ control systems that regulate body function. | homeostasis, physiologic |
| ____ is achieved only through a system of carefully coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change. | Homeostasis |
| Most control systems in the body operate by ____ feedback mechanisms. | negative |
| Selye described _____ as a state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it. | stress |
| Stress may contribute directly to the production or exacerbation of a ____. | disease |
| There is evidence that the ____ axis, the ____ hormonal, and the ____ nervous systems are differentially activated depending on the type & intensity of the stressor. | hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical, adrenomedullary, symphetic |
| Human beings, because of their highly developed nervous system and intellect, usually have alternative mechanisms for ___ and have the ability to control many aspects of their env. | adapting |
| The means used to attain this balance are called _____. | coping strategy |
| _____ is considered a restorative function in which energy is restored and tissues are regenerated. | Sleep |
| ___ is commonly used in excess and can suppress the immune system. | Alcohol |
| Stressor that produces a response | Conditioning Factors |
| Increases water retention by the kidneys and produces vasoconstriction of blood vessels | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Regulation of heart rate and vasomotor tone | Baroreflex |
| Physiologic changes in the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems in respone to real or perceived challenges to homeostasis. | Allostasis |
| Ability of body systems to increase their function given the need to adapt | Physiologic reserve |
| Enhances stress-induced release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary | Angiotensin II |
| A personality characteristic that includes a sense of having control over the env. | Hardiness |
| Suppresses osteoblast activity, hematopoiesis, and protein synthesis | Cortisol |
| Stimulates the adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete the glucocorticoid hormones | ACTH |
| Factors used to create a new balance between a stressor and the ability to deal with it | Coping mechanisms |
| cancer is a disorder of altered cell ______ and _____ | Differentiation and Growth |
| The process of cell division results in cellular ______ | Proliferation |
| _______ is the process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace | Differentiation |
| Proteins called _______ controls entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle | Cyclins |
| Kinases are enzymes that _______ proteins | Phosphorylate |
| Continually renewing cell population rely on ______ cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide | Progenitor |
| ______ cells remain incompletely undifferentiated throughout life | Stem |
| _______ stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of the embryo | Embryonic |
| Body organs and tissues are composed of two types of structures: _______ and ______ | Parenchymal and Stromal |
| _______ are those that continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed | Labie cells |
| cells that are capable of undergoing regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus and are thus capable of reconstituting the tissue of origin are termed _______ | Stable |
| ______ tissue is a glistening red, moist connective tissue that contains newly formed capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts, and residual inflammatory cells | Granulation |
| The elderly have reduced _____ and _____ synthesis, impaired wound contraction, and slower reepithelialization of open wounds | Collagen and Fibroblast |
| The ___________ is often born with immature organs systems and minimal energy stores but high metabolic requirements - a condition that predisposes to impaired wound healing | Premature infant |
| Regulate leukocyte extraversion | Endothelial cells |
| Process of cell division | Proliferation |
| Swelling due to movement of fluid from vasculature into tissues | Edema |
| Process of cell specialization | Differentiation |
| Stem cells undergoing numerous mitotic division while maintaining an undifferentiated state space | Renewal |
| Stimulator of vasodilation | Nitric oxide |
| Leukocyte accumulation | Margination |
| Activation affects vascular permeability | Thrombocytes |
| Stimulate inflammatory reaction in response to injury or infection | Mast cells |
| Defines the differentiation potential of stem cells | Cellular potency |
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