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DAT ch 5
bio- vascular and immune sys from coursesaver notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hemoglobin | binds CO w/ much greater affinity than myoglobin |
| Myoglobin | single chain, stores O2 in muscle |
| Blood flow | aorta => arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => veins |
| Capillaries | single layer walls; exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes |
| Atria | upper chambers of heart |
| Ventricles | lower chambers of heart |
| Right Side of heart pumps | deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation |
| Left Side of heart pumps | oxygenated blood into systematic circulation |
| pulmonary vein & umbilical vein | carry oxygenated blood (unlike other veins) |
| Ductus venosus | allows blood to bypass the liver |
| Foramen ovale | allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation by entering the left atria directly from the right atria |
| Ductus arteriosus | conducts some blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (bypassing the lungs) |
| Lymphatic System | collect interstitial fluid and return it to circulatory system maintaining balance of body fluids; second function: collect chylomicrons from small intestine; can initiate an immune response against anything foreign |
| Interstitial fluid | main component of extracellular fluid of multicellular animals; has a diff. composition depending on type of surrounding tissue & area of the body |
| Blood is composed of | both liquid (55%) and cellular components (45%) |
| Plasma | is liquid portion of blood – mix of salts, gases, wastes, hormones |
| Erythrocytes (red blood cells) | come from stem cells in bone marrow; oxygen carrying component; contains tons of hemoglobin; phagocytized after 120 days |
| Leukocytes (white blood cells) | protective functions; some phagocytize foreign matter, others migrate from blood to tissue; ex macrophages and lymphocytes |
| Platelets | cell fragments, lack nuclei; involved in clot formation; come from fragmentation of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes |
| Clotting | platelets that come into contact w/ exposed collagen release chemical that adheres platelets to one another forming a PLUG. |
| clotting reaction chain | thromboplastin to convert prothrombin => thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen => fibrin; fibrin coats damaged area and traps blood cells to form a CLOT |
| Cardiac Output (CO) = | SV (stroke volume) X HR (heart rate) |
| Stroke volume | volume of blood discharged from the ventricles with each contraction. Stroke volume = end systolic volume – end diastolic volume. |
| Cardiac output | volume discharged from ventricle each minute. |
| Sodium-Calcium Channel | when open allow both Na+ & Ca2+ down gradient; stay open longer than fast sodium channels; causing membrane depolarization to last longer in cardiac muscle |
| intercalated disks | hold together adjacent cells of cardiac muscle, allow cardiac muscles fibers to transmit electrical impulses rapidly (disks have low resistance to impulses) |
| Immune system | composed of two mechanisms; humoral and cell mediated |
| Humoral | production of antibodies; ** humoral doesn’t joke around, its really “anti-humoral” (humoral = antibodies)** |
| Antibodies/immunoglobulins classes | – IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG (MADEG)]; they are complex proteins that bind to specific antigens |
| Binding of an antibody | may directly inactivate the antigen, can induce phagocytocis by macrophages, on surface can activate the complement system to form holes in the cell membrane and lyse the cell |
| “complement” system | chemical defense system to destroy microorganisms, complements immune system; serum proteins |
| Cell Mediated | involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection; T helper cells activate B cells & T Killer cells; T helper is central controller of immune system |
| Innate | Skin, macrophages engulf foreign material, inflammatory response (injured cells release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate) |
| interferons | small proteins made by most body cells after a viral attack; class of glycoproteins called cytokines; produced in response to bacterial, parasitic, and foreign agents, including tumors |
| Macrophages | large white blood cells derived from monocytes, engulfs antigen and presents it to T cells |
| mast cells | histamine release |
| Plasma cells | antibody production |
| neutrophils | phagocytic cells (do NOT develop into macrophages) |
| ABO blood types | Type AB = universal recipient / Type O = universal donor |
| Phosphate buffer system | maintains pH of internal fluids of all cells; H2PO4- and HPO42- act as acid & base; amphoteric |
| Bicarbonate buffer | maintains pH of extracellular fluid; HCO3- & H2CO3, amphoteric |
| Rh factor | another antigen that can be present on red blood cells / + or -/ can lead to pregnancy issues if the mother carries anti-Rh antibodies |
| Translocation | circulation in plants |
| gibberlins | plant hormones that may induce certain plants to flower & stem elongation |
| ethylene | stimulates fruit ripening |
| abscisic acid | inhibitor of plant growth hormones |
| Cytokinins | plant hormones that promote cell division |
| Xylem | thick walled; carry water and minerals UP plant / 3 mechanisms |
| Transpiration Pull | vacuum created from water evaporation on leaves |
| Capillary action | liquid rises due to surface tension and interactions b/w liquid and tube |
| Root Pressure | water enters and pressures the water up the stem |
| Phloem | thin walled; on outside of vascular bundle; transport nutrients DOWN |
| Cambium | two layers thick; undifferentiated cells, give rise to xylem/ phloem; type of meristem |
| Fibrovascular bundle | – xylem, phloem, and cambium layers |
| Meristem | actively dividing, undifferentiated cells |
Created by:
xeenie
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