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Phys Sport Fitness
Ch 5 Energy Transfer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism | sum of the processes of all reactions of the body: |
| energy | provides power for a mechanical process synthesizes: anabolism e.g. testosterone, and breaksdown: catabolism |
| where does energy production start? | eating macro/micronutrients |
| macronutrients | broken down into a useful form of energy; carbs (CHO), protein, fat=substrates |
| CH0 Protein fig 5.12 fat | -glucose (turns into before everything) -not preferable for of energy, but AA helps with building of cells -FFA storage of energy for later in muscle tissue regions |
| how is carbs broken down and stored? | circulating glucose |
| what is glucose stored as and where? | glycogen in liver |
| What is not a primary form of energy? | protein (AA amino acid) |
| what is a good recovery form? | protein and CHO or choc milk fig 5.4 |
| How long before feeding while exercising and deplete glucose and glycogen storage | 45min-1hr |
| ATP adinosiae tryphosphate fig 5.4 | Usable form of energy and cause for fatique when there is a depletion? -also needed for improvement and metabolism in active transport. |
| ATP breaks down into what | ADP+Pi>AMP |
| ADP | adinosiae phosphate + Pi fig 5.4 |
| one way body becomes fatigued | depletion of ATP -body stores small amount -storage is used within seconds -storage replenishes -cryotin phosphate CP and gives up P and ATP -e.g. person crossing line 1st is fatigued last and has more ATP |
| why does energy release occur slowly in small amounts during comples, enzymatically controlled reactions? | to enable more efficient energy transfer and conservation |
| where does 40% of potential energy in food nutrients transfer? | th high energy compound ATP |
| what does the splitting o ATP's terminal phosphate bond liberate? | free energy to poewr all biologic work |
| what does ATP represent? | cell's energy currency, altho it's limited quantity amounts to only about 3.5oz |
| what forms ATP | PCr and ADP aka "high-energy phosphates" |
| PCr | nonaerobic, high-energy reservoir that replenishes ATP rapidly |
| what represents energy transfer as energy-rich phosphat ocnds? | phosphorylation |
| ADP and Cr continually recycle into ___ and ___ | ATP and PCr |
| where does cellular oxidation occr? | innerlining of nitochondrial membranes |
| what's involved in cellular oxidation? | transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular o2. -this releases and transfers chemical energy to combine ATP from ADP plus a phosphate ion |
| during _____, o2 ( the final electron acceptor in respiratory chain) combines w/H to form water | aerobic ATP resynthesis |
| ATP | ADP+P>Phosphagen system -CP -all cellular functions of body |
| Glycolitic system | breakdown of glucose and glycogen |
| glucose | clycolysis |
| glycogen | glycogendysis |
| oxidative phosphonylation | takes places in Oxidative cells (mitochondria) -aerobic |
| Physiologically can you give 100% in a marathon or 100 meter dash? | no |
| fig 5.12 | athletes need to keep glucose and glycogen in system at all times during competition -needs to be replenished after depleted from 8 hr fasting |
| Deaminated amino acid | proteins |
| glycolysis process | 5.13 -stored in muscle cell outside of mitochondria -atp>adp -has different rates based on your activity -see formation of water and H ions |
| how do you measure H ions? | pH or solutions acidity or basic -as pH goes down, you become acidic |
| what happens when Pyruvate turns into lactate? | becomes a buffer and gives off a H |
| does lactate cause fatigue or soreness? | no |
| DOMS | delayed onset of muscle soreness |
| *what is role of pyruvate? | goes into mitochondria and converted into enzyme and depends on glycolysis |
| what do enzymes do? | speed up reactions -made of protein |
| Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | -creb or citric acid cycle -3 parts |
| 3 parts of oxidation cycle | creb cycle (H ions)>from glycolysis -beta oxidation -beta transfer system |
| Electron Transport System ETS | transports H ions to cascade and O2 accepts last on with ATP forming |
| who have fast twitch fibers | glycolitic fiber -anaerobic, dnt like aerobic work, running miles -produce a lot of lactate |
| where does slow twitch fiber come from? | Oxidative Phosphonylation -main source of energy is fat |
| when do you fatigue? | when run out of glucose and glycoge, not that you don't have enough fat |
| why do we produce lactate | lactate shuttle that dsnt cause fatigue -some goes into blood and some in Mitochondria where turns into pyruvate>acidocolate> drives -goes to heart, slow twitch fiber, and liver |
| heart is | lactate disposal site |
| what happens to lactate in liver? | turns into glucose, then goes back to tissue that needs it |
| what is lactate | fuel converted back to pyruvate -high energy fuel |
| high max vo2 means what | very good in endurance sports -heart, vascular system, lungs, muscular system -musc sys high in mitochondria and o2 utilization -p 192 |
| how many muscle fibers to we have | 9, three predominant Type 1, Type 2X |
| Type 1 fiber | slow twitch -doesn't put out power quickly -high in Mitochondria -Oxidative Phosphorlation for aerobic animal -dsnt hypertrophy very well -ectomorph-thin in nature |
| Type 2X | -fast twitch -puts out power quickly -high in Glycclytic fiber-Glycolysis -lactate production -hypertrophy -mesomorphic body type-muscular |
| max VO2 for the public -function | -vo2 max is low, so daily function is lower -cardiovascular, instage rino, pulmonary disease -lose kidney function |
| arithropoeton | -kidneys make red blood cells that carry your o2 thru body -let your lifestyle determine your fitness, not your fitness define your lifestyle |
| we are never in one ATP system or the other | mix of phosphogen, glycolytic and oxidative system |
| relationship b/w intensity and duration | determines your excess metabolic rate and still in kilocalorie burning |
| bioenergetics is key in: | athletic training and performance |
| why do you breath hard or are still sweating after you work out? | -O2 debt -Excess Post-exercise O2 Consumption EPOC -energy expenditure directly related to -body temp up, disrupt cells, recover, get stronger, raises metabolic rate; O2 debt |
| how do we lose weight? what do we tell people? | -cardio, aerobic b/c burns fat -we will tap into our energy stores so if they are fast twitch they can do Type 2 exercise -EPOC- |
| ergomotry | science of measurement of work and power |
| work | product of an applied force exerted over a known destance against gravity. or in other word; force x distance=work |
| power | application of force relative to time. or in other words: work/time or (force x distance)/time |
| ergometer | a device used to measure work (eg treadmill, cycle, rower) |
| calorimetry | measurement of body metabolism from heat release from body. whem measured via gas analysis. it is known as indirect calorimetry |
| we cant sustain life with high levels of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide | asthma, COPD |
| RER, RQ | used synonomously; produces VCO2/VO2; measures carb and fat |
| high intensity, burn- | CHO-1.0=100% CHO, 0% fat |
| non-metabolic co2 | comes from buffering of H ions |
| economy | oxygen consumption required to perform a given task; measure of fitness |
| efficiency | when applied to exercise, ratio (expressed as percentage) b/w machanical energy produced during exercise to energy cost of exercise, energy generation/energy metabolism -how well you use energy for any given task -eg 2 0r 3 mi in cc when you tighten up |
| is it better to walk a mile or run it? | substrate used is not much different, but amount of substrate was more in running |
| kcal in is less then kcal out= | losing weight |
| p. 152 -aerobic | o2 is low to moderate intensity exercise -where ATP is made 1)oxidative phosphorylation -metabolism |
| anaerobic | -no o2, higher intensity exercise -metabolism 1)ATP<>ADP+Pi (muscular contraction)-PCr/CP-cryatine phosphate -Phosphogen system immediately replenishes 2)Glycolysis-glucose-ATP broken dwn into ADP=glycogenalysis -has diff rates, totally dep on need o |
| mitochondria | powerhouse, provides energy for body -atp producer -o2-aerobic |
| what produces atp outside the mitochondria and what is this ATP process? | anaerobic exercise -pyruvate fig 5.13 |
| How do you hit the wall or bonk? | no atp, power house shut down |
| cryatine phosphate CP | loading facilitates high intensisty training (resistance) |
| system where there is only enough energy for few secs of max work | ATP<>ADP or Phosphagen -anaerobic w/o o2 |
| Glycolytic System | anaerobic -glucose>breaksdown into glycolysis -glycogen> GLYCOGENOLYSIS |
| Oxidative Phosphonylation | -aerobic -mitochondria |
| order of energy systems | 1. ATP<>ADP 2. Glycolytic system 3. oxidative phosphonylation |
| ? fig 5.13 glucose breaks down at diff rates depending on? | -whether produces pyruvate-can produce lactate -form of H2O -see hydrogen ions -Pyruvate>lactate=buffer>lactic acid (gives H ions) -beta oxidation -ATP formed - |
| pH | >acidic>fatigue -long, arhymic inverse measure of hydrogen ions |
| hydrogen ions-measured by___ -faster process= | pH; more H ions |
| system where there is only enough energy for few secs of max work | ATP<>ADP or Phosphagen -anaerobic w/o o2 |
| Glycolytic System | anaerobic -glucose>breaksdown into glycolysis -glycogen> GLYCOGENOLYSIS |
| Oxidative Phosphonylation | -aerobic -mitochondria |
| order of energy systems | 1. ATP<>ADP 2. Glycolytic system 3. oxidative phosphonylation |
| ? fig 5.13 glucose breaks down at diff rates depending on? | -whether produces pyruvate-can produce lactate -form of H2O -see hydrogen ions -Pyruvate>lactate=buffer>lactic acid (gives H ions) -beta oxidation -ATP formed - |
| pH | >acidic>fatigue -long, arhymic inverse measure of hydrogen ions |
| hydrogen ions-measured by___ -faster process= | pH; more H ions |
| -Pyruvate>lactate=buffer>lactic acid (gives H ions) --very import, goes into mito converted to enzyme (acetyl CoA)- | speed up reaction and incr protein -enters tricarboxylic acid cyle (TCA) citric acit cycle (Kreb cycle) |
| Beta Oxidation | where fat is burned/oxidzed |
| most ATP formed | ETS-Electron transport system LH>O2>ATP |
| fast twitch fibers= | glycolitic fiber-anaerobic |
| slow twitch fibers= | oxidative phosphonylation -fat=primary source of substrate -ultimate oxidative fiber=heart |
| lactate fig 5.16 | high energy fuel -shuttle -good indicator muscle intensity -goes into blood and mitochondria- |
| what does lactate do when in blood? | -transported high in the mito --lactate disposal is in heart --slow twitchd fibers in skeletal muscles --liver converts it to glucose>Cori cycle>back to tissue that needs it; High energy fuel |
| when lactate goes into mitochondria it's converted to | pyruvate>kreb cycle<ETS |
| fat | breakdown into FFA -Lipolysis -subcutaneous fat -catacolamines |
| lipolysis | oxidative phosphorylation-needs to reach mitochondria -aerobic |
| FFA | circulates down into tissue that is working -goes into process of B Oxidation (need O2 for process to work) -cardio increases O2 (mitochondria) and fat burning |
| amino acid pool | protein to glucose in liver-Gluconeogenesis -alomine-during depletion of starvation (breaking lean tissue) |
| ? cori cycle | gluconeogenesis -formation of glucose from noncarb source -protein -glucose alomine cycle |
| glycogen synthesis formation and 1st line of defense | fromation of glycogen (how to restore after workout) -cori cycle-lactate<liver<muscle<stored glycogen |
| glycogen synthesis (enzyme) and feeds when? | -any glucose it converts to glycogen -enzyme is high-time frome of high= 2 hrs eg sugar drink; combination protein and carbs-ensure, choc milk, frozen yogurt |
| lactate used in: | liver>glucose>cori cycle -heart-mitochondria -slow twitch fibers-mitochondria |
| p188 fig 6.2 | k |
| vo2 and how measured | volume of o2 consumed in a min-related to amount of work done -ventilation of o2 -absolute-liters/min -relative (real life)-milliliters/kilogram of body weight/min |
| avg max vo2 | 38-42 mL/kg body weight/min -direct link to abilities as endurance athlete |
| oxygen deficit | -fig 6.2, 6.4 -point from onset of exercise to steady rate -incr to steady rate -body lagging behind workload -reduce lag w/warm up |
| what is responsible for max vo2? p. 192-3 | -heart, vasculaar, lungs, muscular system, mitochondria, o2 utilization, high max vo2 -cardiovascular, pulmonary, meromuscular |
| kidneys function | make red blood cells-carry o2 fig 6.6 |
| ? fig 6.6 | -never in 1atp system or other; mix of phosphogen, glycolytic, and oxidative system, constantly flowing in and out based on energy of mvnt |
| bioenergetics | key factor in training and performance |
| EPOC fig 6.7 | -o2 debt (older term) -excess post-exercise o2 consumption -beyond resting rate; addtional caloric burner after exercise |
| metabolism | energy expenditure related to o2 consumption=increase |
| ch 7 | ergometry and calorimetry |
| work | applied force exerted over known distance against gravity -force x distance |
| power | force relative to time -work/time=(force x distance)/time |
| calorimetry | measurement of body metabolism from heat release from body. -when measured via gas analysis, known as indirect calorimetry |
| open sparometer | what did in lab -o2=21% -co2=.03% |
| RER | respiratory exchange ratio |
| RQ | Respiratory quotient -vco2/vo2-cant produce more co2 then o2 --fats and carbs |
| *above 1 non metabolic co2 comes from? | buffering of H and pH -higher H-lower #=acidic=fatigue |
| what is a great measure of fitness and its definition? | econome-pertaining to o2 consuption required to perform given task |
| ?efficiency | when applied to exercise is the ratio % b/2 mechanical energy produced during exercise to energy ___ of exercise=chngd energy -generation/change of energy metabolism, how well we use energy |
| RQ | incr fat metab-low intensity-aerobic work -vco2 decr/vo2 incr=cho -walking vs running-RQ same; caloric count diff --more amount of fat burned=> Kcal |
Created by:
Jamie D
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