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restorative art
second quarter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Factors responsible for changes in facial markings | age, environment, position of body, condition of body |
| three basic types of facial markings | furrow-crevice in the skin groove-elongated depression in level surface no elevations on side fold projection of skin- recurved margin |
| nine natural facial markings | philtrun,naso-labial fold {two}, nasal sulcus, oblique palpebral sulcus {two} angulus oris sulcus {two} labiomental sulcus, submental sulcus, dimples |
| philtrum | vertical groove located medially on the superior integumentary lip. can disappear in old age. borders are triangular or irregular parentheses |
| nasolabial fold {two} | border of cheek, can disappear with age |
| oblique palpebral sulcus {two} | only facial marking associated with eye. indefinited termination. curving groove below inner corner of eyelid |
| angulus oris eminence {two} | small convex prominence lateral to the line of lip closure, comma shaped. more prominent with age |
| angulus oris sulcus {two} | horizontal groove at each end of the line of lip closure, comma shaped |
| labiomental sulcus | conjunction of lower lip and chin which often appears as a groove or furrow |
| submental sulcus | junction of base of chin and submandibular area |
| dimples | shallow natural depression located on cheek and or chin. rounded dot like specificaly on chin vertical can be on cheek or chin |
| eleven acquired facial markings | markings caused by repeated contraction and relaxation of a muscle |
| nasolabial sulcus | furrow originating at the superior border of the wing of the nose and extending to the side of the mouth |
| transverse frontal sulci | horizontal furrows of the forehead "worry;concern lines" |
| intercilliary sulci | between the eyebrows. vertical-caused by corrigator muscle, varies in length transverse- caused by procerus muscle, extends across top of nose |
| optic facial sulci | "crows feet" furrows radiating from lateral corner of eye |
| Rare acquired facial Markings | Seven total as followed |
| Superior palpebral sulcus | furrow of superior border of upper eyelid |
| Inferior palpebral sulcus | furrow of inferior border of lower eyelid |
| bucco-facial sulcus | cheek-vertical furrow of cheek, same position and shape as dimples |
| mandibular sulcus | neck marking, furrow beneath jawline which rised vertically on the cheek. "serrated jawline" |
| labial sulci | vertical furrows of lips extending from within the mucous membrane into the integumentary lip |
| platysmal sulci | transverse dipping furrows of the neck caused by repeated action of the platysma |
| cords of the neck | vertical prominence of the neck stick out over time. caused by gravity of digastricus and omo hyoidus. loss of weight more visible |
| four features of the face | ear, nose, mouth, eye |
| ear {pinna} {feather} | attachment always behind back border of line extending from ramus of mandible, acts as a radiator, dont lose tissue or respond to gravity |
| three terms to the ear | pinna-general term for ear otic-hearing auri-hearing |
| {Anatomical Guides-six} external auditory meatus | primary landmark, ear passage |
| tragus | bump of catilage that covers the ear passage-prevents entry |
| posterior border of ramus | ear tilted at the same angle as border. all of the ear is posterior to this line |
| zygomatic arch | divides length of ear in half, half above, half below |
| mandibular fossa | temporal bone-directly anterior to ear passage |
| mastiod process of temporal bone | posterior and inferior to ear passage, covered by lobe of ear |
| Parts of the ear | ten listed below |
| helix | outer rim of ear-gives shape to the ear, question marked shape.crus of helix is origin. divides length of ear in half |
| scapha | depression, fossa between outer and inner rim of the ear. shallowest of all depressions. |
| antihelix | opposite helix. inner rim of the ear. grows upward out of the superior portion of the love at the origin. wider than the helix |
| crura | bifurcation of the antihelix |
| triangluar fossa | depression between the crura located one third of ear |
| concha | concave shell of ear, funnel shaped,leads into external auditory meatus. middle one third of ear. deepest depression of ear |
| tragus | elevation protecting the ear passage. below sideburns |
| antitragus | opposite tragus. small eminence obliquely opposite the tragus. located superior border of lobe. Not all people have them. |
| intertragic notch | depression between tragus and antitragus. part of concha. located back part of ear |
| lobe | inferior one third of ear. non-catilaginous composed of adipose and fascia, and skin. can change shape after death |
| Nose | shape-pyramidal mass |
| three general types | leptorrhine, platyrrhine, and mesorrhine |
| leptorrhine | straight nose prominent bridge sticks out |
| platyrrhine | broad nose wider distance between wings |
| mesorrhine | type in between lepto and platy |
| profile classifications | straight nose-little or no curvature {grecian} convex-dorsum experiences an outward{roman} curvature concave-depressed inward curve{infantile} |
| nose attachment | upper lip at septum. nostrils two thirds of base of nose. nose is as wide as nasal cavity |
| identify tip of nose | extend line out from nasal spine and down from nasal bone. tip equals nasal spine three times |
| cartilage of the nose | five. one septal, two superior lateral and two inferior lateral |
| parts of the nose | six listed below |
| dorsum | protruding ridge of the nose three parts-root{origin}; bridge {triangular projection}; protruding love {spherical} |
| wings | lateral loves located superior to columni nasi greatest width of nose measured between wings. |
| columni nasi | superficial partition between the nostrils. located at bottom of septum. most inferior part and flexible, triangular shaped |
| anterior nares | nostril openings. only visible from bottom view. oval pear shaped. located posterior two thirds of nose. unequal in width |
| lateral walls | sides of nose. triangluar shaped. bulge caused by maxillary bone. only part that changes position after death. sides collapse due to dehydration |
| furrows | transverse intercillary sulci-furrow across the root of the nose, fine lines caused by action of procerus muscle vertical intercillary sulci-furrow above the root caused by action of corrigator muscle |
| mouth | two eye widths wide. occupies upper two thirds of inferior one third of face. very important to canon bof beauty |
| prognathism {five} | listed below |
| infranasal | projection of upper jaw only under the philtrum |
| maxillary | whole upper jaw protrudes |
| mandibular | lower jaw protrudes "werewolf look" |
| dental | bones are normal, teeth grow obliquely out of the sockets, can be corrected with braces |
| alveolar | sockets protrudes |
| parts of the mouth | nineteen listed below |
| superior mucous membrane | three surface planes the contain philtrum. extends superior to base of nose inferior to interior mm and lateral to nasolabial folds |
| superior/inferior mucous membrane | reddish portion of lips. forms line of lip closure when meet. weather line- line of color change at junction of wet and dry portion. inferior is wider and thicker then superior |
| medial lobe | tiny prominence or protrusion on the midline of the superior mucous membraine |
| inferior integumentary lip | superior portion is inferior edge of inferior muccous membrane. inferior portion is top of chin. lateral ends of line closure or the corners of the mouth |
| line of closure | only exists when mucous membranes come together. combination of five natural arcs |
| surface planes | a. lateral planes- rise from ends of line of closure b. central plane-superior covers philtrum and first two incisors. inferior recedes from mucous membrane to base of chin. |
| profiles | three |
| superior integumentary lip | normally vertical from column nasi to the upper mucous membrane-commonly dissects the base of the nose straight is most common |
| inferior integumentary lip | recedes inferiorly from the attached margin of the lower mucous membraine to the top of the chin convex is the least common |
| mucous membrane | curved surface, slight projection of upper mucous membrane over the lower |
| frontal | three |
| superior mucous membrane | classic hunters bow-enders narrow widest point at philtrum |
| upper integumentary lip | ends of the line o flip closure project out slightly over the lower |
| inferior mucous membrane | elliptical shape |
| dehydration of the mouth | arterial injection of head. internal tissue building. massage cream |
| emaciation of mouth | possible tissue building. restore support to lips if teeth are missing |
| contour to mucous membrane | hypo build. use smallest needle |
| edema lips | distention. external pressure only. aspiration may be used if needed |
| buck teeth | teeth must be extracted only with permission |
| expression changes | smile. reposture lips. project smile eminence |
| four boundaries to the eye | superior rim, laterial rim, inferior rim, and medial rim |
| superior rim | supraorbital margin-upper rim of eye socket |
| lateral rim | c shaped curvature-anterior part of edge dips concavely to allow for peripheral vision |
| inferior rim | surface creates s curve {sigmoid curve} |
| medial rim | shortest of the four. deepest depression of the eye |
| optic foramen | hole at the back of the cavity allows for passage of optic nerve and central retinal artery |
| vitreous humor | keeps the eye spherical, liquid inside the eye, evaporates after death-lateral corner of eye if sunken |
| conjunctiva | lining of the inside of the socket |
| lens | anterior part of eyeball |
| cornea | clear covering of connective tissue greatest projection of the eye- crest of curvature of cornea upper two thirds of the eye bottom lid covers the rest of the eye. |
| difference between open and closed eye | a. width of closed eye is greater than aperture {opening} of open eye b. any fold of skin above eyelid dissapears when eye is closed c. closed eye lateral ends shift inferiorly d. medial end-tear duct is covered by inner canthus when eye is closed |
| line of eye closure | tarsus-inferior edge of the upper lid where eyelashes grow |
| size and form | upper is three times larger than lower. upper stretches upper and lower eyelids abut almond shaped |
| parts of the eye | seven listed below |
| superior palpebrae sulcus | crease that forms between the superior palpebrai and supraorbital margin. superior border is acquired facial marking. visible when eye is closed |
| inferior palpebrae sulcus | half inch short of medial end acquired facial marking |
| naso-orbital fossa | concave area above the medial end of the upper eyelid and lying near the root of the nose-depression above the medial one third of superior palpebrae-deepest depression of the eye |
| supraorbital margin | region between the supercilium and superior palpebrai |
| {continued} epicanthus fold | vertical fold of skin located in the naso-orbital fossa, extending from the root of the nose to the medial end of the eyebrow |
| {continued} infra-orbital fold/pouch | bags, semi-lunar fold/puch located inferior to the inferior palpebrae |
| inner {medial} canthus | small elevation extending medially from the medial corner of the superior palpebrae. visible only when eye is closed. covers tear duct |
| cilium {cilia} | eye lashes |
| supercilium {supercilia} | eyebrows has three parts medial, center, and laterl three shapes-arch,straight,angled |
| linear sulci | transverse linear sulci-the insertion of the eyelid muscle oblique linear sulci-lower eye lid and fan out obliquely, down and lateral |
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