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VPHY 141 1st lect
VPHY 141 1st lect Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| To provide contractility of the cell (Cytoskeletal protein) | Microfilaments |
| Long thinnest among the cytoskeletal proteins | Microfilaments |
| Cytoskeletal protein important for mitosis | Microtubule |
| Most stable component of the cytoplasm | Intermediate filaments |
| Responsible for the placement of the organelles in cytoplasm | Intermediate filaments |
| Important for the movement of organelles (Cytoskeletal protein) | Microtubule |
| Cell protein molecules that are round in shape | Globular proteins |
| Example of globular proteins in cells | Enzymes |
| Conjugated protein of albumins | glycoprotein |
| Conjugated protein of globulin | lipoprotein |
| Conjugated protein of protamines | Nucleoproteins |
| Conjugated protein of prolamines | Chromoproteins |
| Conjugated protein of histones | Metalloproteins |
| Conjugated protein of albuminoids | Phosphoproteins |
| Constitute 2% of the inner cell mass | Lipids |
| Integral part of the cell membrane | Lipids |
| Molecules which provide nutrition to the cell | Carbohydrates |
| Comprise 1% of the inner cell mass | Carbohydrates |
| Stored form of carbohydrates | glycogen |
| Where is glycogen stored | Liver and skeletal muscles |
| Largest single organelle in the cell | Nucleus |
| Controls different activities inside the cell | Nucleus |
| Double membrane enveloping the nucleus separated by perinuclear space and interrupted by nuclear pores | Nuclear membrane or Nuclear envelope |
| Soluble form of nuclear material not occupied by nucleolus or chromatin | Nucleoplasm |
| RNA containing body in the nucleolus | Nucleolus |
| Range of number of nucleolus | 1-4 |
| Site of RNA synthesis | Nucleolus |
| Produces rRNA which are packaged with proteins to form ribosomes | Nucleolus |
| Gaps in the nuclear membrane that allow transport of targeted proteins into the nucleus and transport of mRNA out of the nucleus | Nuclear pore |
| Carries DNA in animals | Chromatin |
| Chromatin occurs in pairs except in? | Germ cells |
| Condensed chromatin, metabolically active | Heterochromatin |
| Dispersed chromatin, replicating | Euchromatin |
| Intertwine the chromatin | Histones |
| Formed by he inner membrane of mitochondria | Cristae |
| Site of Krebs or TCA cycle, cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
| Part of mitochondria dense with DNA, large phosphate granules and ribosomes | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Smaller ribosomes? Mitochondrial or Cytoplasmic? | Mitochondrial |
| Contains the enzymes for the Kreb Cycle and beta oxidation of fats | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Has own DNA and reproduce independently | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Contains the enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation | Inner membrane of Mitochondria |
| Contains electron carriers for the electron-transport system | Inner membrane of Mitochondria |
| Needed to synthesize ATP during cellular respiration | F1 factor or ATP Synthase |
| Suicide bag | Lysosomes |
| Size of Lysosomes? | 0.2 to 0.5 micrometer |
| Responsible for digesting the food vacuoles of degenrating organelles of the cell | Lysosomes |
| Single-membrane-bound organelle with a high content of hydrolytic enzymes | Lysosomes |
| How may acid hydrolases in lysosomes? | 40 |
| pH where lysosomes function best | ph 3.5-5 |
| Maintain acidity | Proton pumping |
| Protects the cell from the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes | Lysosomal membrane |
| Where is new lysosomes synthesized? | Golgi Apparatus |
| Digest lipids | Lipase |
| Degenerating organelle cell (Engulfed by lysosomal enzyme) | Autophagic vacuole |
| Bacteria or foregin substances (Engulfed by lysosomal enzyme) | Phagocytic vacuole |
| Other Functions of Lysosomes: | 1-7 4DBSK |
| A small membrane-boung vesicle containing oxidative enzymes | Peroxisomes |
| Oxidative enzymes of peroxisomes are involved in? | Beta oxidation of fats Production of hydrogen peroxide |
| Peroximal Oxidative Enzymes? | Catalase Urase Oxidase D-amino oxidase (CUD) |
| Storage vesicles containing secretory substances formed by the ER-Golgi Apparatus System | Secretory vesicles |
| A complex series of tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Site of protein synthesis for extracellular use (Hormones) | Granular ER |
| Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane | Granular ER |
| Site for lipid synthesis (Steroid and cell membrane phospholipids) | Agranular ER |
| Site for processing of synthesized proteins | Agranular ER |
| Site for detoxification of foreign substances | Agranular ER |
| Ribosomes = % RNA + % Protein | 65% RNA 35% Protein |
| Occurs freely in the cytoplasm | Free ribosomes |
| Site of protein synthesis for intracellular use (Non-secretory and non-membranous proteins) | Free ribosomes |
| Synthesizes proteins for extracellular use (Hormones and Integral membrane proteins) | Bound proteins |
| Membrane enclosed sacs of Golgi apparatus | Cisterns |
| Forming phase of GA | Cis face |
| Face when transport vesicles are formed from ER | Cis face |
| Maturing phase of GA | Trans face |
| Face when secretory granules are formed | Trans face |
| System of fibers that support or provides framework of the cell | Cytoskeleton |
| Diameter of microtubule | 25 nm |
| Diameter of Intermediate filament | 10 nm |
| Diameter of microfilaments | 8 nm |
| A long hollow structure made up of alpha and beta tubulin sub units | Microtubules |
| Arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella | doublet |
| Arrangement of microtubules in centrioles and basal bodies | Triplet |
| Functions of Microtubules | 6 Functions Cris squared Monching square Pogi at Tan |
| Produces microtubule sliding; causes microtubule to bend | Dynein |
| Structure near the nucleus | Centrosome |
| Serves as site for microtubule production | Centrosome |
| Consists of a pair of centrioles and amorphous pericentriolar material | Centrosome |
| Short cylinders located near the nucleus, arranged at right angles to one another | Centrioles |
| 1 bundle of microtubule = ? microtubules | 3 microtubules |
| 1 centriole = ? bandles of microtubules | 9 bandles of microtubules |
| 1 centrosome = ? centrioles | 2 centrioles |
| 1 centriole = ? microtubules | 27 microtubules |
| 1 centrosome = ? microtubules | 54 microtubules |
| Long projections in apical surfaces of cells that transport materials along the surface of the cells | Cilia |
| Types of Cilia | Kinocilia Stereocilia |
| Cytoskeletal structure important for connecting the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane | Intermediate Filaments |
| Intermediate Filament Protein in epithelium | Keratin I, II |
| Intermediate Filament Protein in mesenchymal cells | Vimentin |
| Intermediate Filament Protein in muscles | Desmin |
| Intermediate Filament Protein in glial cells, strocytes | Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins (GFAP) |
| Intermediate Filament Protein in peripheral nerves | Neurofilamental proteins |
| Intermediate Filament Protein in all cells | Lamin proteins (A, B, C) |
| Intermediate Filament Protein in Neuronal stem cells | Nestin |
| Functions of Intermediate Filaments | PA (Personal assist) 1. P- Provides mechanical strength on tissues (Bears tension) 2. Anchoring cytoplasmic organelles |
| Makes up microfilaments | actin and myosin |
| Participates in cytoskinesis | Microfilaments |
| Contractile component of muscles | Microfilaments |
| Functions in the formation of filopodium for movement of fibroblasts | Microfilaments |
| Finger-like projection found at the apex of intestinal epithelial cells | Microvilli |
| Components of cell membrane | CHO, Pro, lipids |
| % Pro, % Lip, % CHO = Cell membrane | 55%, 42%, 3% |
| 5 Major Phospholipid group | Phosphatidylcholine Sphingomyelin Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol |
| Phospholipid group located at the outer part of the cell membrane | Phosphotidylcholine Sphingomyelins |
| Phospholipid group located at the inner part of the cell membrane | Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylethanolamin Phosphatidylserine |
| Most common sterol in the cell membrane | Cholesterol |
| Intercalates among the membrane phospholipids for the maintenance of fluidity of the cell membrane | Cholesterol |
| Sugar containing lipids | Glycolipids |
| Glycolipids located intracellularly or extracellularly? | Extra |
| Example of glycolipids | Cerebrosides, gangliosides |
| Why is cholesterol important in the maintenance of fluidity? | Cholesterol among the membrane prevents solidification of phospholipids during low temps; increase in unsaturation since unsaturated fats have low melting points than saturated fats |
| Catalyze transverse movement in the cell membrane | Flippases |
| CHO-containing layer on the surface of eukaryotic cells | Cell Coat |
| More extensive cell coat found on special surfaces such as the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cell | Glycocalyx |
| Component of the cell membrane responsible for the functional behavior | Membrane proteins |
| Membrane protein associated with the cytoplasm | Peripheral protein (Extrinsic Protein) |
| Membrane protein penetrating through the plasma membrane | Integral protein (Intrinsic Protein) |
| Membrane protein usually form a coiled alpha-helix structure that spans the cell membrane | Integral Protein |
| Proportionate reduction in ECF and ICF volume | Simple water deficit |
| Will always cause a reduction in ECF volume | NaCl deficit |
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