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Ch. 6 Patho
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid- Base Imbalances
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who has the greatest percentage of body water a man, a woman, or an infant | Infant |
| What are the water compartments of the body | Intracellular Comparment (ICF) and Extracellular Compartment (ECF) |
| How is water lost through the body | Urine, Feces, Skin and Lungs |
| Sources of water include | Liquids, Solid foods, Cell metabolism |
| How does fluid circulate throughout the body | Filtration and Osmosis |
| What pressures help move water between compartments | Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic Pressure |
| What controls fluid balance | The thirst mechanism, ADH, Aldosterone, ANP |
| What major hormone influences Sodium | Aldosterone |
| What major hormones influence water | Aldosterone and ADH |
| An excessive amount of fluid in the insterstitial compartment causes | Edema |
| Edema causes | swelling or enlargement of tissues, impaired movement and pitting |
| Any time water output exceeds water intake and causes a defecit what happens | Dehydration occurs |
| Compensation for dehydration include | increasing thirst, increasing heart rate, production of less urine |
| Dehydration causes | weight loss, and excessive loss of electrolytes and proteins |
| Why are infants more susceptible to dehydration | Becuase they lack fluid reserves and inability to retain water quickly |
| Sodium moves | into the cells by means of the sodium potassium pump |
| Hyponatremia results from | excessive sweating and vomiting, insufficent aldosterone, and excessive water intake |
| Effects of Hyponatremia are | low sodium levels and a decrease in osmotic pressure in ECF from fluid shifts |
| An imbalance of sodium and water, insufficient ADH and loss of your thirst mechanism cause | Hypernatremia |
| What are some effects of Hypernatremia | Edema, increased thirst, weakness |
| Potassium is | the major intracellular cation |
| Why are abnormal potassium levels dangerous | because they can cause changes in cardiac conduction and contractions |
| Hypokalemia is caused by | excessive aldosterone levels, excess loss from diarrahea, and diuresis |
| Major effects of Hypokalemia inclue | Cardiac dysrythmias, decrease in muscle function and digestive tract motility |
| Three causes of Hyperkalemia are | Aldosterone defecit, Potassium sparing diuretics, and leaking of potassium into ECF |
| Hyperkalemia effects include | Cardiac dysrythmias, muscle weakness, fatigue |
| Calcium balance is controled by | PTH and Calcitonin |
| Hypoparathyroidism, Increased pH, and Malabsorption cause | Hypocalcemia |
| Muscle Twitching, Tetany, and Weakend heart contractions are effects of | Hypocalcemia |
| Hypercalcemia is caused by | Uncontrolled relase of calcium ions from bones, Hyperparathyroidism, and Increased calcium intake |
| Three major effects of Hypercalcemia include | Depressed muscular activity, Interference of ADH function, and increased cardiac contractions |
| The major extracellular anion is | Chloride |
| An increase in Hydrogen ions and a pH level lower than 7.4 results in | Acidosis |
| A decrease in Hydrofen ions and a pH level greater than 7.4 results in | Alkalosis |
| What is the normal range for blood pH | 7.35- 7.45 |
| The three mechanisms that control pH are | Buffer systems, Respiratory system, and the Kidney |
| Most effective yet slowest pH control mechanism is | The Kidney |
| Four major buffer pairs are | Sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system, Phosphate system, Hemoglobin System, and the protein system |
| The major ECF buffer system that is controlled by the respiratory system and kidneys is | The bircbonate-carbonic acid system |
| An increase or decrease in carbon dioxide can lead to | Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis |
| An increase or decrease in bicarbonate ions can lead to | Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis |
| Respiratory Acidosis is caused by | Respiratory congestion and slow shallow respirations |
| Hyperventalion is a major cause of | Respiratory Alkalosis |
| Shock, Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Renal Failure are causes of | Metabolic Acidosis |
| Metabolic Alkalosis is caused by | Vomitting and excessive antacid intake |
| The ratio to be maintained between bicarbonate and carbonic acid is | 20:1 |
| What fluid makes up the higher proportion of body weight | Intracellular |
| Functions of Sodium include | Maintaing extracellular fluid volume, acid-base balance and metabolic processes. |
| A defecit of Vitamin D levels causes | decreased calcium levels |
Created by:
cdanella
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