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Water-sol vitamins
Vitamins B & C
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Niacin deficiency (1) | Pellagra |
| Folate deficiency (3) | 1) Megaloblastic anaemia 2) Masks Vitamin B12 deficiency 3. Neural Tube defects |
| Thiamin functions | TTP coenzyme participates in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA Coenzyme does this by removing Co2 from organic compounds |
| Severe thaimin deficiency in alcoholics | Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
| Thiamin is destroyed by | Heat |
| Thiamin supports which body system | Nervous system |
| Beriberi can result from consuming a diet of | polished rice diet |
| Thiamin coenzyme | TTP = thiamin pyrophosphate |
| Riboflavin main function | Coenymes for energy production |
| Riboflavin coenzymes | FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide FMN = flavin mononucleotide Both can accept & donate 2 hydrogens - carries from the TCA cycle to the ETC |
| Riboflavin toxicity | Inflammation of the membrane of the mouth, skin, eyes & GIT |
| Riboflavin food sources (5) | Milk, Milk products, Whole-grain/ Enriched breads & cereals, Liver, Leafy green vegetables |
| Riboflavin is destroyed by (2) | UV light & Irradiation |
| The 2 chemical structure of niacin | Nicotinic acid & Nicotinamine |
| Niacin coenzymes | NAD = nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide NADP = phosphate form |
| Niacin functions | Energy metabolism Especially the metabolism of: - Glucose - Fat - Alcohol |
| Amino acid precursor of Niacin | Tryptophan |
| 4 D's of pellagra | Diarrhoea Dementia Dermatitis Death |
| Pellagra generating diet | High corn & Low protein diet |
| Niacin toxicity (9) | 1) Niacin flush (from the form of nicotinic acid only) 2) Liver disease 3) Diabetes 4) Peptic Ulcers 5) Gout 6) Arrhythmia 7) IBD 8) Migraine headaches 9) Alcoholism |
| Name 7 niacin food sources | 1) Dietary tryptophan (protein rich foods/meats) 2) Legumes 3) Whole-grains 4) Mushrooms 5) Potatoes 6) Tomatoes |
| Vitamin involved in the synthesis of hydrochloric acid | Niacin |
| High doses of Niacin can (2) | Lowers blood pressure & Prevent heart disease |
| Biotin function | Carrier of Co2 for energy metabolism |
| Biotin replenishes which 4-carbon compound needed to combine with acetyle CoA to keep the TCA cycle turning? | Oxaloacetate |
| Biotin coenzyme participates in which 3 functions | 1) Gluconeogenesis 2) fatty acid synthesis 3) Amino acid metabolism |
| Biotin food sources are widespread in foods, or only found in egg yolks? | Widespread in foods |
| Pantothenic acid is part of the chemical structure of | Coenzyme A (which forms Acetyl CoA) |
| Coenyme A forms which compound | Acetyl CoA |
| Pantothenic acid deficiency rare or common? | Rare |
| Pantothenic acid is widespread in foods or only found in animal proteins? | Widespread (Panthos = everywhere) |
| Good food sources of Pantothenic acid (6) | 1) Beef 2) Poultry 3) Whole-grains 4) Potatoes 5) Tomatoes 6) Broccoli |
| Which vitamin forms the porphyrin ring in haemoglobulin | Pantothenic acid - B5 |
| Vitamin B6 is important for the metabolism of what | Amino acid metabolism |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal) coenzyme | PLP = pyridoxal phosphate |
| Vitamin B6 coenzyme PLP is essential for the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to which vitamin? Or to which neurotransmitter? | Niacin or Serotonin |
| Vitamin B6 coenzyme PLP is essential for the synthesis of? (3) | 1) Haeme 2) Nucleic acids (such as DNA & RNA) 3) Lecithin |
| Vitamin B6 is the only water-soluble vitamin that is stored extensively in the | muscle tissue |
| Vitamin B6 deficiency | 1) Neurotransmitters diminish: - Numb feet - Poor coordination - Depression - Confusion - Muscle twitching/Convulsions 2) Scaly dermatitis 3) Anaemia (small cell) |
| Pernicious anaemia & progressive nervous system degeneration occurs from the inability to absorb which vitamin? | Vitamin B12` |
| Coenzyme Q10 is (3) | 1) Antioxidant 2) Mobile electron carrier in the ETC 3) Essential for ATP production |
| Vitamin B6 toxicity (3) | 1) Neurological damage - Depression - Irritability - Numbness - Muscle weakness - Unstable gait - Poor coordination - Convulsions - Irreversible nerve damage 2) Skin lesions 3) Carpel tunnel syndrome |
| Carpel tunnel syndrome can be a toxicity of which vitamin | Vitamin B6 |
| Vitamin B6 is destroyed by | Heat |
| Which 2 vitamins are involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids | Vitamin B12 & Folate |
| Primary coenzyme form of folate | THF = tetrahydrofolate |
| Folate functions (2) | Converts Vitamin B12 to active form & Helps form & synthesize DNA (growth & development) |
| Folate toxicity does what | Masks Vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Homocysteine levels can be reduced from which water-soluble vitamin? | Folate |
| Name 3 types of medications that interfer with folate | 1) Asprin 2) Antacids 3) Anticancer drugs |
| Folate deficiency (3) | 1) Megaloblastic anaemia 2) NT defects 3) DNA damage - impairs cell division & protein synthesis & therefore growth & development |
| Folate food sources (3) | Folate = foliage 1) Vegetables (especially Green leafy vegetables 2) Fruits 3) Legumes |
| What destroys folate (2) | Heat & Oxidation |
| Which 2 vitamins have an enterhepatic (bile) route in the body & are therefore recycled/reabsorbed | Folate & Vitamin B12 |
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