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Biology: Semester II

Spring Semester EXAM: Review Activity

Question	Answer
Which isotope would be best for measuring the age of mummified tissue?	Carbon-14
Which fossil type provides the most anatomical information paleontologists?	Amber
What is the name of the period that followed extensive glaciations in the Precambrian?	Ediacaran
Nearly all fossils in what kind of rock?	Sedimentary
Pasteur's experiments led to the theory of __	Biogenesis
___ most likely provided the framework for amino acid chains to develop	Clay
Banded iron formations are important evidence for which idea in the early evolution of life?	Photosynthetic autotrophs
What is the approximate age of the earth?	4.6 billion years
Life arising from nonlife	Spontaneous generation
Which gas was most likely not part of earth's early atmosphere?	Oxygen
Cells with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles	Eukaryotes
Earth formed and the first life forms appeared	Precambrian
Energy from sunlight and lightning allowed the first organic molecules to form	Oparin's hypothesis
For life to exist, these molecules must first have formed	Amino acids
Francesco Redi performed a controlled experiment with flies and maggots to test this idea of the origin of life	Spontaneous generation
Mammals first appeared	Mesozoic era
Humans first appeared	Cenozoic era
Prokaryotic cells were involved in the formation of eukaryotic cells	Endosymbiont theory
First cells	Prokaryotic
First era of earth's history	Precambrian
Which type of fossil would reveal the skin color of a 90 million year old frog?	Amber fossils
A mass extinction that included the disappearance of all dinosaur species occurred during the	Mesozoic era
Smallest units of geologic time	Epoch
Determining the age of a fossil by measuring radioactive elements	Radiometric dating
Scientist who studies fossils	Paleontologist
Unit of geologic time consisting of two or more periods that lasts hundreds of millions of years	Era
Divisions of geologic time lasting tens of millions of years are called	Periods
States that younger layers of rock are deposited atop the older layers	Law of superposition
Remains of once living organisms	Fossils
Any indirect evidence left by an organism	Trace
Empty pore spaces are filled in by minerals	Petrification
Impression of an organism	Mold
Mold filled with sediment	Cast
Mummification or freezing	Original material fossil
Organism preserved in hardened sap	Amber fossil
Charles Darwin observed ___ while visiting the different Galapagos Islands	Tortoises w/different shells
Studying the structures of different organism embryos	Comparative embryology
Polar bear fur is better camouflage on ice flows than a brown bear's fur	Adaptation
Change of a species over time	Evolution
Leafy sea dragon looks more like a plant than an animal	Camouflage
Viceroy butterfly's colors match the monarch butterfly's colors	Mimicry
The feather is an example of a(n) ___, not found in all ancestors	Derived trait
Eagle's wings and beetle's wings are ___ structures	Analogous
Industrial melanism is a type of ___	Structural adaptation
A whale's flipper and a bird's wing	Homologous structure
A small, separated population with unique genetic make up	Founder effect
Constant allele frequencies in a population	Genetic equilibrium
Measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation	Fitness
Organisms most adapted to their environment survive, those which are not best adapted die	Natural selection
Process of directed breeding	Artificial selection
Reduction in number of alleles resulting in a population that is genetically similar	Bottleneck
Structures that are reduced in form and function from their original forms in other organisms	Vestigial
Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor	Homologous
Cumulative changes in groups of organisms over time	Evolution
Early, pre-birth stage of an organisms development	Embryo
Explains the random changes in gene frequency found in a small population but not necessarily in a larger one	Genetic drift
Occurs when two or more species evolve adaptations to resemble each other	Mimicry
A species which evolves into a new species without a physical barrier being present	Sympatric speciation
In peacocks, ____ is seen as the males with large-tails are selected more frequently by females	Sexual selection
DNA similarities within a population of wild animals appears as though they have been inbred	Bottleneck effect
Theory of punctuated equilibrium seeks to replace the former model that explains evolution to occur slowly and smoothly called ___	Gradualism
Two main components of natural selection are variation and ___	Inheritance
What has occurred when fertilization produces a hybrid offspring that cannot develop or reproduce?	Postzygotic isolation
What occurs when average traits benefit a population rather than extreme traits?	Stabilizing selection
Process by which a population splits into two groups	Disruptive selection
Divergent evolution	Adaptive radiation
Primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that appear in ancestral forms	Ancestral traits
Can occur when a small sample of a population settles in a location separated from the rest of the population	Founder-Effect
States that when allelic frequencies remain constant, a population is in genetic equilibrium	Hardy-Weinberg principle
Most common form of natural selection	Stabilizing
A physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations	Allopatric speciation
Active during the day	Diurnal
Active during the night	Nocturnal
Adapted to cold climates but were eventually replaced by modern humans	Neanderthals
ALL non-monkey anthropoids	Hominoids
Fifth limb	Prehensile tail
Finger that can be brought opposite the other fingers	Opposable
Forward-looking eyes with overlapping fields of vision	Binocular vision
Human-like primate	Anthropoid
Order of animals characterized by flexible hands and feet	Primates
Small, apelike hominins that lived in Africa between 4.2-4.1 mya	Australopithecine
Subfamily that includes only humans and human ancestors	Hominin
Walking upright on two legs	Bipedal
Group of primates at were the first to evolve	New World Monkeys
Adaptation which resulted in better gripping ability	Opposable tail
Mary Leakey discovered fossilized footprints of this species	A. afarensis
Which hominoid might be ancestral to apes and humans	A. afarensis
Which hominin likely was the first to use fire, live in caves and make tools?	H. erectus
Primates have ___ shoulders and hips	Limber
Most primates are tree-dwelling, or __	Arboreal
Can be identified by their large eyes and ears	Strepsirrhines
Group which includes tarsiers, monkeys and apes	Haplorhines
Earliest fossilized primate	Altiatlasius
System of naming species using two words	Binomial nomenclature
Taxon of closely related species that share a recent common ancestor	Genus
Branch of biology that groups and names species based on studies of their different characteristics	Taxonomy
Domain thought to be more ancient than bacteria	Archaea
Inherited feature varies among the members of a species	Character
Branching diagram that represents the evolution of a species or other taxon	Cladogram
Species is a group of organisms that are able to successfully reproduce in the wild	Biological species concept
Taxon that contains one or more kingdoms	Domain
Prokaryotes found living in acid runoff or sulfur vents or volcanoes	Archaea
Substance most likely to be found in the cell walls of an organism with chloroplasts	Cellulose
All organisms are grouped into ___ which range in specificity of criteria	Taxa
What is the second name in binomial nomenclature	Species
Mushrooms are found in kingdom	Fungi
Assumes that species are unchanging and should be grouped by physical similarities	Typological species concept
Method that classifies organisms according to the order that they diverged from a common ancestor	Cladistics
Structure and form of an organism or one of its parts	morphology
Study of biological diversity with an emphasis on evolutionary history	Systematics
Consists of similar, related genera	Family
Contains related classes	Phylum
Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat	Virus
May be found in a field guide	Dichotomous key
Model that compares DNA sequences from two different species to estimate how long they have been evolving since they diverged from a common ancestor	Molecular clock
Without a nucleus	Prokaryotic
Cell walls of eukaryotes contain	Peptidoglycan
Dormant cell produced by bacteria to withstand harsh conditions	Endospore
Viruses must enter a ___ in order to replicate	Host
Bacterial enzymes convert N gas into compounds	Nitrogen-fixation
Protein that can cause infection or disease	Prions
Covers the outside of the cell wall	Capsule
Division of a bacterial cell into two genetically identical	Binary fission
Host cell makes many copies of the viral RNA or DNA	Lytic cycle
Transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another	Conjugation
Viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome	Lysogenic cycle
Metabolic process in an active cell which changes atmospheric nitrogen into useful nitrogen compounds	Nitrogen fixation
Study the natural history of viruses and the disease they cause	Virologist
Widely diffused or prevalent	Widespread
First organisms to populate the earth	Prokaryotes
Bacteria normally present on your body and inside your body are referred to as...	Normal flora
Strain of bacteria called ___ live within your intestines and are important in the manufacture of vitamin K	E. coli
Viruses are classified according to...	Genetic material
Most members of the phylum Ascomycota are ___	Multicellular
Fungus do not belong in the plant kingdom because they do not take part in ___	Photosynthesis
Can be used for both sexual and asexual reproduction in fungus	Spores
Sac fungi produce spore-bearing hyphae called	Conidiophores
The ascus of a sac fungi is a structure in which ___ develop	Spores
The fruiting body of a club fungus	Basidiocarp
Rapid growth of basidiocarps is due to	Cell enlargement
Specialized hyphae which spread across the surface of food	Stolons
Saprophytic basidiocarps produce enzymes that ...	Decompose wood
Deuteromycetes	Imperfect fungi
Appears to lack a sexual stage in life cycle	Deuteromycota
Cross-walls between fungal cells	Septa
Filaments in a multicellular fungus	Hyphae
Fungal reproductive structure	Fruiting body
Includes mushrooms	Basidiomycota
Most common fungi phylum, includes yeast	Ascomycota
Netlike body of a fungus	Mycelium
Produces flagellated spores	Chytridiomycota
Unicellular fungus	Yeast
Includes bread molds and other food molds	Zygomycota
Fragmentation, budding or producing spores	Asexual reproduction
Producing a large number of spores increases a species...	Chances of survival
Fungal spores can be dispersed by animals, water and ___	Wind
Protect spores and keep them from drying out until they are released	Sporangia
Specialized hyphae which penetrate food, anchor the mycelium and absorb nutrients for the common mold	Rhizoids
In sexual reproduction, parts of two haploid ___fuse to form a diploid structure	Mating strains
A fungus is the source for ____ (anti-rejection)drugs that are given to organ transplant patients	Immune Suppressant
Produces airy bread and the alcohol in beer and wine	Fermentation
Use of fungi and bacteria to remove pollution	Bioremediation
Tough, flexible polysaccharide found in the walls of fungus and insect exoskeletons	Chitin
Which type of protists often feed on decaying matter?	Fungus-like
Giant kelp	Algae
ALL protists are...	Eukaryotic
Protists can live in ___ conditions in which they depend on other organisms	Symbiotic
A paramecium is a type of ___	Ciliate
Contains copies of the Protists' genome for controlling "daily" functions	Macronucleus
Contains instructions for reproduction	Micronucleus
Spore producing ___ are in the phylum apicomplexa	Sporozoans
Type of protist that causes American sleeping sickness	Zooflagellates
Green algae and plants both contain...	Photosynthetic pigments
Red tides and algal blooms are caused by...	Dinoflagellates
What type of plant-like protist produces much of the oxygen in the atmosphere?	Phytoplankton
Algae use ___ to absorb light for photosynthesis in deep water	Secondary pigments
What is the cell wall made up of in a fungus-like protist	Cellulose
What is the name of the feeding stage of a slime mold in which it is a mobile cytoplasmic mass?	Plasmodium
During a shortage of food, a slime mold releases ___ and forms a slug-like colony.	Acrasin
In which country did a type of downy mildew destroy the potato crop?	Ireland
In which country did we see a population spike due to a type of downy mildew destroying a potato crop	United States
Where/how do diatoms store their food?	Oil
Which organism has silica walls	Diatoms
Enables a paramecium to regulate the water levels within the cell	Contractile vacuole
Contains parasitic sporozoans	Apicomplexa
Have a whip-like projection called a flagella	Zoomastigina
Includes all species of amoeba	Sarcodina
Includes all species of kelp	Brown algae
Includes the most common species of algae found in NA freshwater	Green algae
Used to thicken puddings, syrups and shampoos	Red algae
Uses the sexual process called conjugation during reproduction	Ciliophora
Phylum with both animal and plant like characteristics	Euglenophyta
Protists that bloom and turn ocean water red in color	Dinoflagellates
Most freshwater algae species are classified into the phylum...	Chlorophyta

Created by: SavannahElkins

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