Spring Semester EXAM: Review Activity
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| Which isotope would be best for measuring the age of mummified tissue? | Carbon-14
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| Which fossil type provides the most anatomical information paleontologists? | Amber
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| What is the name of the period that followed extensive glaciations in the Precambrian? | Ediacaran
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| Nearly all fossils in what kind of rock? | Sedimentary
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| Pasteur's experiments led to the theory of __ | Biogenesis
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| ___ most likely provided the framework for amino acid chains to develop | Clay
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| Banded iron formations are important evidence for which idea in the early evolution of life? | Photosynthetic autotrophs
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| What is the approximate age of the earth? | 4.6 billion years
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| Life arising from nonlife | Spontaneous generation
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| Which gas was most likely not part of earth's early atmosphere? | Oxygen
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| Cells with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles | Eukaryotes
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| Earth formed and the first life forms appeared | Precambrian
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| Energy from sunlight and lightning allowed the first organic molecules to form | Oparin's hypothesis
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| For life to exist, these molecules must first have formed | Amino acids
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| Francesco Redi performed a controlled experiment with flies and maggots to test this idea of the origin of life | Spontaneous generation
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| Mammals first appeared | Mesozoic era
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| Humans first appeared | Cenozoic era
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| Prokaryotic cells were involved in the formation of eukaryotic cells | Endosymbiont theory
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| First cells | Prokaryotic
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| First era of earth's history | Precambrian
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| Which type of fossil would reveal the skin color of a 90 million year old frog? | Amber fossils
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| A mass extinction that included the disappearance of all dinosaur species occurred during the | Mesozoic era
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| Smallest units of geologic time | Epoch
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| Determining the age of a fossil by measuring radioactive elements | Radiometric dating
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| Scientist who studies fossils | Paleontologist
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| Unit of geologic time consisting of two or more periods that lasts hundreds of millions of years | Era
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| Divisions of geologic time lasting tens of millions of years are called | Periods
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| States that younger layers of rock are deposited atop the older layers | Law of superposition
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| Remains of once living organisms | Fossils
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| Any indirect evidence left by an organism | Trace
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| Empty pore spaces are filled in by minerals | Petrification
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| Impression of an organism | Mold
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| Mold filled with sediment | Cast
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| Mummification or freezing | Original material fossil
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| Organism preserved in hardened sap | Amber fossil
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| Charles Darwin observed ___ while visiting the different Galapagos Islands | Tortoises w/different shells
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| Studying the structures of different organism embryos | Comparative embryology
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| Polar bear fur is better camouflage on ice flows than a brown bear's fur | Adaptation
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| Change of a species over time | Evolution
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| Leafy sea dragon looks more like a plant than an animal | Camouflage
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| Viceroy butterfly's colors match the monarch butterfly's colors | Mimicry
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| The feather is an example of a(n) ___, not found in all ancestors | Derived trait
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| Eagle's wings and beetle's wings are ___ structures | Analogous
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| Industrial melanism is a type of ___ | Structural adaptation
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| A whale's flipper and a bird's wing | Homologous structure
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| A small, separated population with unique genetic make up | Founder effect
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| Constant allele frequencies in a population | Genetic equilibrium
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| Measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation | Fitness
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| Organisms most adapted to their environment survive, those which are not best adapted die | Natural selection
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| Process of directed breeding | Artificial selection
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| Reduction in number of alleles resulting in a population that is genetically similar | Bottleneck
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| Structures that are reduced in form and function from their original forms in other organisms | Vestigial
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| Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor | Homologous
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| Cumulative changes in groups of organisms over time | Evolution
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| Early, pre-birth stage of an organisms development | Embryo
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| Explains the random changes in gene frequency found in a small population but not necessarily in a larger one | Genetic drift
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| Occurs when two or more species evolve adaptations to resemble each other | Mimicry
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| A species which evolves into a new species without a physical barrier being present | Sympatric speciation
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| In peacocks, ____ is seen as the males with large-tails are selected more frequently by females | Sexual selection
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| DNA similarities within a population of wild animals appears as though they have been inbred | Bottleneck effect
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| Theory of punctuated equilibrium seeks to replace the former model that explains evolution to occur slowly and smoothly called ___ | Gradualism
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| Two main components of natural selection are variation and ___ | Inheritance
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| What has occurred when fertilization produces a hybrid offspring that cannot develop or reproduce? | Postzygotic isolation
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| What occurs when average traits benefit a population rather than extreme traits? | Stabilizing selection
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| Process by which a population splits into two groups | Disruptive selection
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| Divergent evolution | Adaptive radiation
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| Primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that appear in ancestral forms | Ancestral traits
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| Can occur when a small sample of a population settles in a location separated from the rest of the population | Founder-Effect
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| States that when allelic frequencies remain constant, a population is in genetic equilibrium | Hardy-Weinberg principle
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| Most common form of natural selection | Stabilizing
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| A physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations | Allopatric speciation
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| Active during the day | Diurnal
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| Active during the night | Nocturnal
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| Adapted to cold climates but were eventually replaced by modern humans | Neanderthals
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| ALL non-monkey anthropoids | Hominoids
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| Fifth limb | Prehensile tail
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| Finger that can be brought opposite the other fingers | Opposable
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| Forward-looking eyes with overlapping fields of vision | Binocular vision
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| Human-like primate | Anthropoid
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| Order of animals characterized by flexible hands and feet | Primates
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| Small, apelike hominins that lived in Africa between 4.2-4.1 mya | Australopithecine
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| Subfamily that includes only humans and human ancestors | Hominin
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| Walking upright on two legs | Bipedal
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| Group of primates at were the first to evolve | New World Monkeys
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| Adaptation which resulted in better gripping ability | Opposable tail
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| Mary Leakey discovered fossilized footprints of this species | A. afarensis
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| Which hominoid might be ancestral to apes and humans | A. afarensis
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| Which hominin likely was the first to use fire, live in caves and make tools? | H. erectus
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| Primates have ___ shoulders and hips | Limber
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| Most primates are tree-dwelling, or __ | Arboreal
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| Can be identified by their large eyes and ears | Strepsirrhines
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| Group which includes tarsiers, monkeys and apes | Haplorhines
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| Earliest fossilized primate | Altiatlasius
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| System of naming species using two words | Binomial nomenclature
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| Taxon of closely related species that share a recent common ancestor | Genus
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| Branch of biology that groups and names species based on studies of their different characteristics | Taxonomy
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| Domain thought to be more ancient than bacteria | Archaea
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| Inherited feature varies among the members of a species | Character
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| Branching diagram that represents the evolution of a species or other taxon | Cladogram
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| Species is a group of organisms that are able to successfully reproduce in the wild | Biological species concept
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| Taxon that contains one or more kingdoms | Domain
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| Prokaryotes found living in acid runoff or sulfur vents or volcanoes | Archaea
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| Substance most likely to be found in the cell walls of an organism with chloroplasts | Cellulose
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| All organisms are grouped into ___ which range in specificity of criteria | Taxa
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| What is the second name in binomial nomenclature | Species
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| Mushrooms are found in kingdom | Fungi
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| Assumes that species are unchanging and should be grouped by physical similarities | Typological species concept
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| Method that classifies organisms according to the order that they diverged from a common ancestor | Cladistics
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| Structure and form of an organism or one of its parts | morphology
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| Study of biological diversity with an emphasis on evolutionary history | Systematics
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| Consists of similar, related genera | Family
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| Contains related classes | Phylum
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| Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat | Virus
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| May be found in a field guide | Dichotomous key
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| Model that compares DNA sequences from two different species to estimate how long they have been evolving since they diverged from a common ancestor | Molecular clock
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| Without a nucleus | Prokaryotic
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| Cell walls of eukaryotes contain | Peptidoglycan
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| Dormant cell produced by bacteria to withstand harsh conditions | Endospore
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| Viruses must enter a ___ in order to replicate | Host
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| Bacterial enzymes convert N gas into compounds | Nitrogen-fixation
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| Protein that can cause infection or disease | Prions
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| Covers the outside of the cell wall | Capsule
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| Division of a bacterial cell into two genetically identical | Binary fission
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| Host cell makes many copies of the viral RNA or DNA | Lytic cycle
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| Transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another | Conjugation
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| Viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome | Lysogenic cycle
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| Metabolic process in an active cell which changes atmospheric nitrogen into useful nitrogen compounds | Nitrogen fixation
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| Study the natural history of viruses and the disease they cause | Virologist
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| Widely diffused or prevalent | Widespread
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| First organisms to populate the earth | Prokaryotes
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| Bacteria normally present on your body and inside your body are referred to as... | Normal flora
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| Strain of bacteria called ___ live within your intestines and are important in the manufacture of vitamin K | E. coli
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| Viruses are classified according to... | Genetic material
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| Most members of the phylum Ascomycota are ___ | Multicellular
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| Fungus do not belong in the plant kingdom because they do not take part in ___ | Photosynthesis
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| Can be used for both sexual and asexual reproduction in fungus | Spores
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| Sac fungi produce spore-bearing hyphae called | Conidiophores
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| The ascus of a sac fungi is a structure in which ___ develop | Spores
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| The fruiting body of a club fungus | Basidiocarp
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| Rapid growth of basidiocarps is due to | Cell enlargement
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| Specialized hyphae which spread across the surface of food | Stolons
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| Saprophytic basidiocarps produce enzymes that ... | Decompose wood
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| Deuteromycetes | Imperfect fungi
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| Appears to lack a sexual stage in life cycle | Deuteromycota
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| Cross-walls between fungal cells | Septa
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| Filaments in a multicellular fungus | Hyphae
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| Fungal reproductive structure | Fruiting body
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| Includes mushrooms | Basidiomycota
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| Most common fungi phylum, includes yeast | Ascomycota
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| Netlike body of a fungus | Mycelium
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| Produces flagellated spores | Chytridiomycota
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| Unicellular fungus | Yeast
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| Includes bread molds and other food molds | Zygomycota
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| Fragmentation, budding or producing spores | Asexual reproduction
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| Producing a large number of spores increases a species... | Chances of survival
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| Fungal spores can be dispersed by animals, water and ___ | Wind
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| Protect spores and keep them from drying out until they are released | Sporangia
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| Specialized hyphae which penetrate food, anchor the mycelium and absorb nutrients for the common mold | Rhizoids
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| In sexual reproduction, parts of two haploid ___fuse to form a diploid structure | Mating strains
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| A fungus is the source for ____ (anti-rejection)drugs that are given to organ transplant patients | Immune Suppressant
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| Produces airy bread and the alcohol in beer and wine | Fermentation
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| Use of fungi and bacteria to remove pollution | Bioremediation
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| Tough, flexible polysaccharide found in the walls of fungus and insect exoskeletons | Chitin
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| Which type of protists often feed on decaying matter? | Fungus-like
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| Giant kelp | Algae
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| ALL protists are... | Eukaryotic
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| Protists can live in ___ conditions in which they depend on other organisms | Symbiotic
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| A paramecium is a type of ___ | Ciliate
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| Contains copies of the Protists' genome for controlling "daily" functions | Macronucleus
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| Contains instructions for reproduction | Micronucleus
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| Spore producing ___ are in the phylum apicomplexa | Sporozoans
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| Type of protist that causes American sleeping sickness | Zooflagellates
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| Green algae and plants both contain... | Photosynthetic pigments
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| Red tides and algal blooms are caused by... | Dinoflagellates
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| What type of plant-like protist produces much of the oxygen in the atmosphere? | Phytoplankton
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| Algae use ___ to absorb light for photosynthesis in deep water | Secondary pigments
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| What is the cell wall made up of in a fungus-like protist | Cellulose
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| What is the name of the feeding stage of a slime mold in which it is a mobile cytoplasmic mass? | Plasmodium
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| During a shortage of food, a slime mold releases ___ and forms a slug-like colony. | Acrasin
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| In which country did a type of downy mildew destroy the potato crop? | Ireland
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| In which country did we see a population spike due to a type of downy mildew destroying a potato crop | United States
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| Where/how do diatoms store their food? | Oil
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| Which organism has silica walls | Diatoms
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| Enables a paramecium to regulate the water levels within the cell | Contractile vacuole
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| Contains parasitic sporozoans | Apicomplexa
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| Have a whip-like projection called a flagella | Zoomastigina
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| Includes all species of amoeba | Sarcodina
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| Includes all species of kelp | Brown algae
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| Includes the most common species of algae found in NA freshwater | Green algae
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| Used to thicken puddings, syrups and shampoos | Red algae
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| Uses the sexual process called conjugation during reproduction | Ciliophora
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| Phylum with both animal and plant like characteristics | Euglenophyta
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| Protists that bloom and turn ocean water red in color | Dinoflagellates
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| Most freshwater algae species are classified into the phylum... | Chlorophyta
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