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Comm 151 - Chapter 3
Perception, Attribution and Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is perception? | • The process of interpreting the messages of our sense to provide order and meaning for our environment |
| Perceptual Defense | the tendency for the perceptual system to defend the perceiver against unpleasant emotions |
| Social Identity Theory | • A theory that states that people form perceptions of themselves based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories |
| Personal Vs Social Identity | o Personal identity- unique personal skills, abilities and traits o Social identity- perception that we belong to various social groups, gender, nationality, religion, occupation |
| Three Characteristics of Perceptual Process | • Selective- special emphasis cues • Constancy- perceived the same way, across situations and over time • Consistency- tendency to select, ignore and distort cues that aren’t part of the target picture |
| Primacy and Recency Effect | • Primacy- the tendency for a perceiver to rely on early cues or first impressions o Form of selectivity and is the first basis for constancy • Recency- the tendency for a perceiver to rely on recent cues or last impressions |
| Reliance on Central Traits | • Central traits- personal characteristics of a target person that are of particular interest to a perceiver o Research has shown overwhelming tendency for attractive people being perceived better |
| Implicit Personality Traits | • Personal theories that people have about which personality characteristics go together o (ie hard working people are honest, intelligent people are relatively nice) |
| Projection | • The tendency for perceivers to attribute their own thoughts and feelings to others o People with similar backgrounds often do think and feel similarly, however cannot always be justified |
| Stereotyping | • The tendency to generalize about people in a certain social category and ignore variations among them o We distinguish some category of people o We perceive that everyone in this category possesses these traits |
| Dispositional vs Situational Attributes | • Dispositional attributes: explanation of a behaviour based on the actor’s personality or intellect • Situational attributes: explanation of a behaviour based on the actor’s external situation or environment |
| Consistency Cues | (does the person engage in this behaviour regularly) |
| Consensus Cues | (do most people engage in the behaviour, or is it unique to this person) |
| Distinctiveness Cues | (does the person engage in the behaviour in many situations, or is it distinctive to one situation) |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | o The tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations for behaviour at the expense of situational explanations |
| Actor-Observer Effect | o The propensity for actors and observers to view the causes of the actor’s behaviour differently |
| Self-Serving Bias | o The tendency to take credit for successful outcomes and to deny responsibility for failures |
| Organizational Support Theory | a theory that states that employees who have strong perceptions of organizational support feel an obligation to care about the organization’s welfare and to help the organization achieve its objectives |
Created by:
c.bertrand
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