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Ch. 16 Bold Terms
Physiology 2420
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the process of gas exchange within the body | respiration |
| cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria | internal respiration |
| the exchange of gas and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the tissues of the body | external respiration |
| the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow | pulmonary ventilation |
| air passages in the head and the neck; include the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and pharynx | upper airways |
| a passageway leading from the mouth to the esophagus or larynx that serves as a common passage way for food and air | pharynx |
| air passages leading from pharynx to lungs | respiratory tract |
| the initial passageway of the respiratory tract, which contains the vocal cords | larynx |
| opening to the larynx | glottis |
| a flap of tissue over the glottis that prevents food or water from entering the larynx when swallowing | epiglottis |
| cartilaginous tube of respiratory tract, located between the larynx and the bronchi | trachea |
| branched tubes of the respiratory tract, located between the trachea and bronchioles of the lungs | bronchi |
| branches off the bronchi leading to the lungs | secondary bronchi |
| small tubules leading from the bronchi to the alveoli; less than 1 mm thick | bronchioles |
| bronchioles that lead directly to the airways of the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract; the last component of the conducting zone | terminal bronchioles |
| hairlike processes found on certain epithelial cells in the respiratory tract and oviduct | cilia |
| epithelial cells in the respiratory tract and GI tract that secrete mucus | goblet cells |
| small tubules of the respiratory tract located between terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts | respiratory bronchioles |
| clusters of alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct | alveolar sacs |
| terminal sacs of the respiratory tract, where most gas exchange occurs; usually grouped in clusters | alveoli |
| epithelial cells lining alveoli | type I alveolar cells |
| the structure across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs; a barrier between blood and air consisting of capillary endothelial cells and their basement membranes and alveolar epithelial cells and their basement membranes | respiratory membrane |
| structures that protect lungs and form an airtight compartment around them; include the rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, muscles, and connective tissues. | chest wall |
| muscles of expiration that are located between the ribs | internal intercostals |
| inspiratory muscles of the chest wall | external intercostals |
| primary inspiratory muscle for respiration; the muscle partition that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities | diaphragm |
| the membrane that lines the chest wall and lung, forming a pleural sac around each lung | pleura |
| membrane surrounding each lung | pleural sac |
| a fluid-filled compartment located between the lungs and chest wall; is bounded by the visceral and parietal pleura | intrapleural space |
| pressure of outside air; at sea level, 760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere | atmospheric pressure (Patm) |
| the pressure exerted by the air within the alveoli | intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) |
| the pressure of the fluid inside the pleural space | intrapleural pressure (Pip) |
| the difference between the intrapleural pressure and the intra-alveolar pressure, which represents the distending pressure acting on the lungs | transpulmonary pressure |
| the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a resting expiration | functional residual capacity (FRC) |
| condition in which air enters the pleural space, causing the lungs to collapse and the chest wall to expand | pneumothorax |
| law showing the inverse relationship between pressure and volume | Boyle's law |
| detergent-like substance secreted by type II alveolar cells; decreases the surface tension in the lungs | pulmonary surfactant |
| type II alveolar cells | cells that line alveoli and secrete surfactant |
| device for measuring lung volume | spirometer |
| measures of the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs under certain conditions | lung volumes |
| the volume of air that moves unto and out of the lungs during a normal, unforced breath | tidal volume |
| the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| the maximum volume of air that can be expired from the end of normal expiration | expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
| the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration | residual volume (RV) |
| the maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a resting expiration | inspiratory capacity (IC) |
| the maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration | vital capacity (VC) |
| the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximum inspiration | total lung capacity (TLC) |
| the maximum amount of air a person can forcefully expire following a maximum inspiration | forced vital capacity (FVC) |
| a measure of the percentage of the forced vital capacity that can be exhaled withing a certain time frame | forced expiratory volume (FEV) |
| the total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory system in a minute | minute ventilation |
| frequency of breaths | respiration rate |
| conducting zone of the respiratory tract; air in this region does not participate in gas exchange | anatomical dead space |
| a measure of the volume of fresh air reaching the alveoli each minute, which is minute ventilation corrected for dead space volume | alveolar ventilation |
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GracieLou
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