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Kaplan 1

Basis of Life and Reproduction

QuestionAnswer
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body metabolism
Metabolism that break down large chemicals and release energy catabolic reactions
Metabolism that build up large chemicals and require energy anabolic reactions
acquisition of food and other raw materials ingestion
the process of converting food into a usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body digestion
the passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into body. It uses diffusion or active transport absorption
the circulation of essential compounds required to nourish the tissues and the removal of waste products from the tissues transport
the building up of new tissues from digested food materials assimilation
the consumption of oxtgen by the body. Cells convert glucose into ATP Respiration
Removal of waste products (i.e., CO2, H2O, Urea) excretion
creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism). synthesis
The control of physiological activities regulation
Metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment homeostasis
substance of life protoplasm
Name minerals that are components of protoplasm carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, iodine, iron, calcium
Unit of element is atom. The unit of compound is the molecule. This is composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio. carbohydrates.
Single sugar subunits like glucose and fructose are ___ monosaccharides.
When two monosaccharide subunits are joined like maltose and sucrose, they are called this. disaccharide
Disaccharides are joined by _____ synthesis dehydration.
Polymers of repeating monosaccharide subunits are called this. Glycogen, starch, celluose are examples of these polysaccharide.
Polymers are broken down by adding water. This process is called ______ , an opposite of dehydration. hydrolysis
Like carbohydrates, _____ are also composed of C, H, and O, but their ratio of H:O are grater than 2:1 (more hydrogen than oxygen). Lipids
When 3 fatty acids synthesize with a glycerol backbone, lipid is formed. Lipids have these 3 functions food storage, insulation, and padding as adipose tissue.
There are 5 derivatives of lipids. 1. Phospholipids 2. waxes 3. steroids 4. carotenoids 5. porphyrins
Phospholipids contain _____, ______, ______, and N containing alcohol. Examples of these are lecithin and cephalin. glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate group
Waxes are esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols. The examples of these are lanolin. Their functions are these. protective coating for skin, fur, leaves, and on exoskeleton of many insects.
These have three fused _________ ______ and one fused ________ ring. The examples of these are cholesterol, sex hormones, and corticosteroids. Steroids cyclohexane, cyclopentane
These are fatty acid-like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and carrying six-membered carbon rings at each end. These compounds are pigments like carotenes and the xanthophylis. carotenoids
These, also called tetrapyrroles, contain four joined pyrrole rings perplexed with a metal. The examples of these are heme with iron and Mg with chlorphyll. prophyrins
As a polymers of AA, they are composed of the elements C, H, O, and N, but they also might contain, P and S. proteins
The AA are joined by ____ bonds through dehydration reactions making polypeptide or peptide. peptide
These polypeptides have a primary structure. They coil or fold to form helices and beta-pleated sheets making them into a ____ structure secondary
Protein functions as _____, _____, _______ proteins, _____ proteins, and ________. hormones (insulin, ACTH), enzymes (amylase, lipase, ATPase), structural (collagen), transport (hemoglobin, cytochromes), antibodies (antigens).
All living systems have continuous controlled chemical activity, and these regulate metabolism by speeding up or slowing down certain chemical reactions by affecting the activation energy of the reaction. enzymes
Two models describing the biding of the enzyme to the substrate to its active site are called these. Lock and key theory, and induced fit theory.
Lock and key, which states exact complimentary spatial structure of its substrate exist, are discounted. However, Induced fit theory states this happens when substrate comes in contact with enzyme in its active site. Shape becomes flexible and conformation of the active site changes to fit the substrate.
Enzyme action are affected by these three things. temperature, pH, concentration
These contain the elements C,H,O,N,P and are polymers of _______. They code all of the information required by an orgaism to produce proteins and replicate. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), nucleotide
Nucleic acids are composed of these three things. 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
What is the fundamental unit of all living things cell
State four points of cell theory 1. all living things are composed of cells 2. the cell is the basic functional unit of life 3. cells arise only from pre-existing cells 4. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
In microscopy, ____ is the increase in apparent size, and ____ is the differentiation of two closely situated objects magnification, resolution
State 4 major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes 1. Cell wall composed of peptidoglycans in P, but only fungi and plants in E 2. no nucleus 3. 30S and 50S of ribosomes as opposed to 40S and 60S 4. no membrane bound organelles
In fluid mosaic model, cell membranes consist of ____ ____ with proteins embedded throughout. The lipids and many of the proteins can move freely within the membrane phospholipid bilayer
As a result of it lipid bilayer structure, these two things are able to cross easily. small nonpolar(oxygen) and polar molecules(H2O)
These particles are usually able to cross the membrane through protein channels. Small charged particles
Some larger particles are usually able to cross the membrane with the assistance of these. carrier proteins
Nucleus, surrounded by nuclear membrane, controls the activities of the cell. DNA are complexed with structural proteins called ___ to form chromosomes. histones
_____ is a dense structure in the nucleus where ____ synthesis occur. nucleolus, ribosomal RNA synthesis
___ are the sites of protein production and are synthesiazed by the nucleolus. Ribosomes
Where are ribosomes found in the cell? Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, but bound ribosomes are found in ER.
This is a network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum
This receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER, modifies them, repackages them into vesicles, and distribute them to the cell surface by exocytosis. Golgi apparatus
These are sites of aerobic respiration. Mitochondria
How many membranes bound mitochondria. two
Much of the cell functions happen in the cytoplasm by this, a streaming movement within the cell. cyclosis
These are membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell. ____ are larger than ____ and are more likely to be found in plants. Vacuoles and vesicles.
These are membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. Lysosome
These are composed of microtubules and microfilaments gives the cell mechanical support, maintains its shape, and functions in cell motility cytoskeleton
This is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients. Simple diffusion
This is the simple diffusion of water from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. osmosis
If extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell, it is said to be this, causing the cell to swell and possibly lyse. hypotonic
Otherwise, if extracellular environment is more concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell, it is said to be this. hypertonic
If the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane, it called _______ diffusion, or __________ transport. facillitated diffusion, passive transport. no energy required
If the net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins, it is called this active transport. it requires energy.
intracellular circulation happens in these three ways. 1. brownian movement 2. cytosis or streaming 3. endoplasmic reticulum
extracellular circulation happens in these two ways. osmosis and circulatory system
In mitosis, nuclear division, or _____, is followed by cell division, or ____. This results in two daughter cells with a complete set of DNA in each cell. karyokinesis, cytokinesis
Cell spends 90% of its time in this phase. Chromosome replicates and results with two identical sister chromatids held together by centromere. During this phase, individual chromosomes, or chromatin, are uncoiled and are invisible. Interphase
During this phase, chromosomes condense, and the centrioles pair separate and move towards the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle apparatus forms between them and the nuclear membrane dissolves. Prophase
The spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at the centromeres to align the chromosomes at the equator forming metaphase plate. Metaphase
The centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own centromere. The spindle fibers shorten to pull its chromatids toward its poles in this phase. Anaphase
The spindle apparatus dissapears. Nuclear membrane begins to form, and chromosomes uncoil in this phase. Telophase
During end of telophase, the cytoplasm divides, or ______ happens. In animal cells, a ____ _____ forms, and cell membrane indents along the equator of the cell. cytokinesis, cleavage furrow
In plant cells, they lack _____, and the spindle apparatus is synthesized by microtubule organizing center. Instead of cleavage furrow, they form _____. centrioles, cell plate
Primary sex cells goes through meiosis and create 4 haploid this. gametes
In this process, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the spindle apparatus forms, and the nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear. Prophase I
In prophase I, homologous chromosomes come together and interwine in a process called this. synapse
Since this stage has four chromatids, it is called this. They also cross over from chiasmata and create recombinant chromosomes. tetrad
In this phase, tetrads align at the equatorial plane, and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore. Metaphase I
In anaphase I, homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell in a process called this. disjunction
In this phase, nuclear membrane forms and each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined at the centromere. telophase I
Second meiotic division is very similar to mitosis except this. meiosis II is not preceded by chromosomal replication.
This asexual reproduction is done by circular chromosome dividing itself, ingrowing of cell invaginating the cell wall, and dividing the cell into two daughter cells of equal cytoplasm. binary fission
This process has unequal cytokinesis. It is seen in hydra, yeast. budding
Primitive animals like starfish are able to go through this process as long as they contain central disk, or have limited nerve damage. regeneration
This is the development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism. Parthenogenesis
Sperm passes through the ________ to _______ and then to the _______. vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Ovaries are found in the abdominal cavity. These ovaries consists of thousands of these, which is a multi-layered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an immature ovum. follicles
The ovaries synthesize and secrete the female sex hormones including estrogens and progesterone. The secretion of both estrogens and progesterone is regulated by __ and ___, which in turn are regulated by ____. LH FSH GnRH
Estrogens are also resposible for the thickening of the ______. endometrium
Estrogens are secreted by the ovarian ______ and ____ ____. follicles, corpus luteum
Progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the _____ ______ during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. It stimulates the development and maintenance of the _____ ____ in preparation for implantation. corpus luteum, endometrial walls
Anterior pituitary promotes the development of the follicle by secreting ____. The follicles grows and begins secreting estrogen. FSH
Midway, ovulation occurs which is caused by a surge in __ which is preceded and in part caused by a peak in estrogen levels. LH
After follicular phase and ovulation, __ induces the ruptured follicle to develop into the ____ _____, which produces estrogen and progesterone. corpus luteum
Following luteal phase, if the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum atrophies. The resulting drop in progesterone and estrogen levels causes the ____ to slough off. endometrium
If fertilization occurs, the developing placenta produces ___, maintaining the corpus luteum and its supply of estrogen and progesterone that maintains the uterus, until the placenta takes over production fo these hormones hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)
In plants, the life cycles of plants are characterized by an alternation of the diploid ____ generation and the haploid _____ generation. sporophyte, gametophyte
The haploid gametophyte genertation produces gametes by ____. Union of the male and female gametes at fertilization restores the diploid sporophyte generation. mitosis
Created by: joe42181
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