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Bio STACK 211
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Study of Structure of an organism |
| Physiology | Study of the function an organism perfoms |
| Animal Form is a product of | Natural Selection |
| Fusiform is an example of | Convergence |
| Fusiform | Tappered on both ends |
| All Cells of all organisms exist in | An Aqueous Enviornment |
| Small Sizes and Small Body Plans means they have | Small Systems |
| Simple Systems means | Diffusion and ATP (active transport) |
| Transport Epithelia has direct contact to what? | the Enviornment |
| The spaces between the cells are filled with fluid called | Interstitial fluid (latin for stand between) |
| Simple Body Plans | have both the outer and inner layers of cells constantly bathed in water. |
| Another common design that maximizes exposure to the surounding medium is | Flat body shape |
| As cell number ____, the ratio of the outer surface area of the animal to its total vol steadily _____ | increase, decreases |
| Internal body fluids link exchange surfaces to | body cells |
| Example of Circulatory Fluid | Blood |
| Exchange between the IF and the CF enables body cells | to obtain nutrients and get rid of waste |
| An external Skeleton | can protect against predators |
| Sensory Organs | can provide detailed info on the animal's surroundings |
| Internal digestive organs | can break down food gradually, controlling the release of stored energy. |
| Specialized filtration systems | adjust the composition of the internal fluid that bathes the animals body cells |
| Tissues | groups of cells of similar apperance and common function |
| Organs | tissues organized into functional units (weave in latin) May be held together in a loose fabric of fibers and or extracellular matrix |
| Organ system | Groups of organs that work together |
| Larger Metazoans | Transport epithelia do not directly contact the enviorn. and require organ systems to maintain homeostasis |
| Unifying theme | Structure of a tissue or organ fits its function |
| Four Main Categories of Tissue | Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular |
| Epithelial Tissue | Sheets of tightly packed cells.Covers inner and outer body surfaces. (riveted with Tight Junctions) (lines organs and cavities within body) |
| Function of Epithelial | Protection (mechanical injury, microbes, fluid loss, stretch (like bladder), transport material, in and out body) |
| Epithelial (Outer Surface) | Apical, Mucosal, luminal (intestines), exposed to enviornment or body fluids (urine), cilia may be present often secretory, may be absorptive |
| Epithelial (Inner Surface) | Basal, serousal, bounded by basement membrane (syn.,basal lamina), dense matrix of extracellular glycoproteins (laminin), proteins with covalently bonded carbs. |
| Cells of Epithelial | Epithelium |
| Basement Membranes | organization of sequential events in cell metabolism, filtration of materials (kidneys, nephridia), Barrier (protection), and Cell migration routes during development |
| 2 Criteria for classifying Epithelial | Shape of Cell and # of cell layers |
| Shape of Cell | Squamous, Cuboidal(kidney), Columnar (sm. intestine) |
| # of Cells | Simple (1 layer/Squamouos) Stratified (2 or more layerss/ columnar..sm. intestine), pseudostratified ( 1 layer appears as more/ ciliated resp sys.), transitional (mult. layers and cell shapes) |
| The Apical Surface | faces the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ. Exposed to fluid and air. Covered with special progections. (sm. intes./microvilli) |
| Microvilli in Sm. intestine | Increase surf area for absorbing nutrients. |
| The Basal Surface | Opposite of Apical Surface attached to a basal lamina |
| Basal Lamina | A dense mat of extracellular matrixx, which separates the epithelium from the underlying tisue |
| Simple Squamous Ep | Thin and Leaky, functions in the exchange of material by diffusion. (This type of ep lines blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical) |
| Stratified Sq Ep | Regenerates rapid cell division near the basal lamina. (skin, linings of esophagus, anus, and vagina) |
| Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium | Forms a mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages of many vertebrates. (the cilia moves mucus along) |
| Simple Columnar Ep | Lines the intestines. This ep secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients |
| Cuboidal Ep | Dice shaped cells specialized for secretion, kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid gland and salivary glands |
| Six Major Types of Connective Tissue | Loose, Cartilage, Fibrous, Adipose, Blood, and Bone |
| Three Types of Connective Tissue Fibers (made of protein) | Collagenous, Elastic and Reticular |
| Collagebous Fibers | provide strength combined with flexibility. Made of Colagen and most abundant protein. Nonelastic and do not tear easily |
| Elastic Fibers | Easily stretched but are resilient, snaps back to their original length when tension is released. Long threads, elastic fibers are made of protein elastin. |
| Reticular Fibers | Very Thin and Branched. Composed of collagen and continuous with collagenous fibers. (joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues) abundant in basement membranes, glands, and many organs |
| Connective Tissues that hold many tissues and organs together and in place | Fibroblasts and Macrophages |
| Fibroblasts | secrete the protein ingridents of the extracellular fibers |
| Macrophages | Amoeboid cells of the immune system |
| Muscle Tissues | Body Movement. Contain proteins actin and myosin (enables muscles to contract)Most abundant tissue in most animals |
| Skeletal MT | Attached to bones BY tendons. Voluntary Movements. Long Cells called Muscle Fibers. Has an Arrangement of Contractile Units (Sacromeres) along the lenght of fibers giving it Striations. |
| Cardia MT | Forms contractile wall of heart. Striated. Carries out involuntary tasks (contraction of the heart)Cardiac muscle fibers branch and interconnect via intercalated disk |
| Intercalated Disks | relay signals from cell to cell and help sychronize the heartbeat |
| Smooth MT | No striations. walls of DT, Bladder, Arteries and other internal organs. Spindle-Shaped (controlled by diff kinds of nerves than those controlling skeletal muscles)Involuntary Body Activities. |
| Nervous Tissue | Sense Stimuli and Transmit Signals in the Form of Nerve Impulses |
| Neurons | Nerve Cells |
| Neuron extensions | Axons that transmit nerve impulses away from the nerve cell |
| Glial Cells (Glia) | Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons. |
| Connective Tissue (Notes) | Sparse population of cells scattered thru an extracellular matrix |
| Function of CT (Notes) | Bind, Supports, and protects other tissues (varies according to cell types, matrix, fibers and properties of each. |
| 3 Sub Cats | CT Proper, CT w SPECIAL Properties, Supp CT |
| Connective Tissue Proper (Notes) | Loose Connective Dense (or Fibrous) Connective |
| Connective Tissue w/ Special Properties (Notes) | Blood Adipose Tissue |
| Supportive Connective Tissue (Notes) | Cartilage Bone |
| C.T.P. (Notes) | Most widespread connective tissue among vertebrates Functions: Binds epithelia to underlying tissues. Packing material to hold organs in place. |
| Connective Tissue Func (Notes) | binds epithelia to underlying tissues, pack materials to hold organs in place. |
| Dense or Fibrous CT | rich in collagenous fibers in parallel bundles (great tensile str., tendons muscle attached to bones) |
| Ligaments | Join bones to Joint |
| Serosa and Submucosa | of Alimentary Canal Walls |
| Blood | Mats atena of CT |
| Matrix | Plasma (water, salts, soluble, proteins, etc) |
| Erythocytes | RBC |
| Leucocytes | (WBC) |
| Cell Frgaments found in Blood | Platelets |
| Adipose Tissue | Intracellular Matrix (Fat) |
| Adipose is divided into | lobes by sm blood vessels |
| Adipocytes | Padding, insulation, energy storage |
| Endocrine Function | leptin, resistin etc |
| Cartilage (Supp CT) | Rubbery Matrix of Chondroitin Silfate and collagenous fibers secreted by chondrocytes found in laconae |
| Cartilage (function-notes) | Provides strength and flexibility. Found in joints ribcage, ear, nose, bronchial tubes, inverterbral discs |
| Stomach | Acid Chyme Stomach lining replaced --3 day cycle Helicobacter pyloris Pyloric sphincter squirts contents over 2-6 hr pds |
| Acid Chyme | Churned mixture of stomach contents (mixed every 20 seconds) |
| Helicobacter Pyloris | Gastic Ulcers |
| Small Intestine | Major site of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and absorption 6 meters in length |
| Three Part of the Small intestine | Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
| Duodenum | Short (25 cm), C shaped anterior with openings for pancreatic and bile ducts |
| Jejunum | central (2/5) this of the small intestine Great deal of absoprtion takes place here |
| Ileum |
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