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Ch. 13 Cardiac Funct
Physiology 2420
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The upper chambers of the heart are called ____________. | atria |
| The lower chambers of the heart are called _____________. | ventricles |
| The _____________ separates the atria and ventricles on either side of the heart and keeps the blood from mixing. | septum |
| The upper pole of the heart is called the ___________. | base |
| The lower pole of the heart is called the __________. | apex |
| Blood leaving the heart is transported through _______________ . | arteries |
| Arteries branch into smaller vessels called ______________. | arterioles |
| Arterioles take blood to the ________________. | capillaries |
| From the capillaries blood then travels to the _________. | venules |
| Blood travels from the venules to the ____________. | veins |
| The most numerous cells in the blood are called ___________. | erythrocytes |
| The less common cells in the blood are called ____________. | leukocytes |
| What are platelets? | cell fragments that play a role in blood clotting |
| What is plasma and what does it contain? | made up of water; contains dissolved proteins |
| The _______ side of the heart supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit. | right |
| The _________ side of the heart supplies blood to the systematic circuit. | left |
| Where does the exchange of nutrients take place in the pulmonary and systematic circuits? | capillary beds |
| Oxygentated blood is what color? | red |
| What color is deoxygentated blood? | dark red |
| Blood flows from the left ventricle through the _____________ into the ___________ circuit. | aorta; systematic |
| Blood becomes deoxygentated in systematic tissues and travels back to the heart through the _____________. | vena cavae |
| Once in the heart, blood must pass through the __________ valve into the right ventricle. | tricuspid |
| The right ventricle pumps blood into the ____________ arteries. | pulmonary |
| The blood becomes oxygenated in the _________. | lungs |
| Once the blood has become oxygenated in the lungs, it then travels through the _________ veins. | pulmonary |
| Once in the left atrium, blood passes through the _____________ valve into the left ventricle. | bicuspid or mitral |
| The semilunar valves are called the ___________ and ______________. | aortic and pulmonary |
| An action potential in the heart is initiated in the ____ node under normal conditions. | SA |
| An action potential in the heart is initiated in the SA node under normal conditions, but may be initiated in either the ____ or ___________ under certain conditions. | AV; Purkinge Fibers |
| Once the SA node initiates the cardiac action potential, impulses travel through the ___________ and ____________ pathways. | internodal and interatrial |
| Action potential travels from the SA node through the internodal or interatrial pathways to the ____ node. | AV |
| As the impulse is conducted through the AV node, there is a momentary delay called the _______________. | AV nodal delay |
| What is the purpose of the AV nodal delay? | to give the atria time to finish contacting before ventricular contraction begins |
| From the AV node, the impulse travels to the ______________. | Bundle of His, also called the AV bundle |
| From the Bundle of His the signal splits between the _____ and ______ bundle branches | left and right |
| From the left and right bundle branches the signal spreads through the ______________ and then on to the rest of the myocardial cells. | Purkinje |
| What three ions are the most important when examining electrical charges in cardiac muscles? | Na+, Ca2+, K+ |
| What ions make the membrane potential more positive? | Na+ and Ca2+ |
| What ion makes the membrane potential more negative? | K+ |
| The first type of channels to open in a pacemaker cell is called the __________ channel. | funny |
| The ____________ channel closes when the membrane potential reaches -55 mV. | funny |
| The _________ channels open which raises the permeability of the cell calcium. | T-type |
| The T-type channel raises the permeability of the cell _________. | calcium |
| The _________ channel will make the membrane more positive and is only open for a short time. | T-type |
| The _____________ channel results in a large increase in the permeability of the cell to calcium and causes the large upswing in the action potential. | L-tyoe |
| The depolarization caused by the L-type channel triggers the opening of _______ channels and the closing of ________ channels which results in repolarization and termination of the action potetial. | K+ (potassium), Ca2+ (calcium) |
| How are the pacemaker cells and the contractile cells connected? | gap junctions |
| The initial depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential in contractile cells is similar to neurons in that voltage gated ____ channels open and ____ flows into the cell. | Na+ |
| Activities in what two channels causes the plateau phase? | inward rectifying K+ channels, L-type Ca2+ channels |
| After initial depolarization in contractile cells, Na+ channels inactivate and ______________ channels close and ___ stops flowing out of the cell. | inward rectifying K+ channels, K+ |
| In the repolarization phase, a different type of ____ channels open and ___ moves out while _____ channels close slowing the influx of ____. | K+, K+, Ca2+, Ca2+ |
| At rest, both types of _____ channels are open allowing ____ to flow out while _____ and Ca2+ channels are closed. | K+, K+, Na+, Ca2+ |
| What is the stimulus for an action potential in cardiac muscle cells? | current through gap junctions |
| Once the action potential arrives in cardiac muscle, it passes through the plasma membrane and what else? | T-tubules |
| The channels that open on the SR that allow calcium into the cytosol are called what? | voltage-gated |
| What is the other source of calcium into the cell other than voltage-gated channels? | calcium channels on plasma membrane |
| What are three ways calcium is removed from cytosol muscle? | Ca2+ ATPase in SR, Ca2+ ATPase in plasma membrane, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in plasma membrane |
| What is calcium-induced calcium relase? | is a process whereby calcium can trigger release of further calcium from the muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The P wave is due to what in the heart? | atrial depolarization |
| The QRS complex is correlated with what in the heart? | ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization |
| The T wave is correlated with what in the heart? | ventricular repolarization |
| The P-Q interval is an estimate of what? | time of conduction throughout the AV node |
| The Q-T interval is an estimate of what? | time ventricles are contracting |
| The T-Q interval is an estimate of what? | ventricular diastole |
| The R-R interval is an estimate of what? | the time between heartbeats |
| What does the term diastole mean? | ventricular relaxation |
| What does the term systole mean? | ventricular contraction |
| What causes the lub, or first sound during a heart beat? | blood rushing through the AV valves as they are about to close |
| What causes the dub, or second sound during a heart beat? | blood rushing through the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) as they are about to close |
| the biggest and longest artery (a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart) in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body. | aorta |
| a large vein (a blood vessel carrying blood to the heart) that carries oxygen-poor blood the right atrium from the lower half of the body. | inferior vena cava |
| the left upper chamber of the heart. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein. | left atrium |
| the left lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. | left ventricle |
| the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It prevents the back-flow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium. | mitral valve (bucuspid valve) |
| the blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. | pulmonary artery |
| the flaps between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. When the ventricle contracts, the valves opens, causing blood to rush into the pulmonary artery. | pulmonary valve |
| the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. | pulmonary vein |
| the right upper chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery. | right ventricle |
| the muscular wall that separates the left and right side of the heart. | septum |
| a large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the upper parts of the body. | superior vena cava |
| the flaps between the right atrium and the right ventricle. | tricuspid valve |
| Name of blood vessel? oxygenated blood, thin walls, towards the heart | pulmonary vein |
| Name of blood vessel? oxygenated blood, thick walls away from the heart | aorta |
| Name of blood vessel? deoxygenated blood, thick walls, away from the heart | pulmonary arteries |
| Name of blood vessel? deoxygenated blood, thin walls, towards the heart | vena cavae |
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