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Chapter 5
Exams
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 functions of bones | Support, protection, movement, storage, and hematopoiesis |
| Hematopoiesis | Blood cell formation in marrow cavities |
| Compact bone tissue | Dense, smooth and homogeneous |
| Spongy bone tissue | Needle-like bone pieces with open space |
| 4 shapes of bones | Long, short, flat and irregular |
| Long bones | limb bones, have shaft and heads, mostly compact |
| Short bones | generally cube-shaped, spongy bone (wrist, ankle, patella) |
| Flat bones | thin, flat, usually curved (skull, ribs, sternum) |
| Irregular bones | do not fit other categories (vertebrae, hip bones) |
| Diaphysis | shaft, made of compact bone in long bone |
| Epiphysis | ends of long bone, spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact bone |
| Articular cartilage | covers epiphysis for smooth movement in joints |
| Epiphyseal line/plate | bony tissue spanning epiphysis that looks different from the rest of the bone in that area used for growth lengthwise as children |
| Yellow marrow | in the medullary cavity, fat storage |
| Red marrow | contained in spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones; makes red blood cells |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells, bone cells are are well nourished and bone injuries heal quickly and well "better to break bone, rather than sprain" |
| Central system | Haversian system, lengthwise central canal carrying blood vessels and nerves |
| Ossification | process of bone formation |
| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
| Appositional growth | increase in bone diameter |
| Osteoclasts | giant bone destroying cells activated by PTH |
| Bone remodeling | osteoblasts and osteoclasts adjust the shape of the bone based on calcium levels in the blood (either store calcium or break down bone to put calcium in blood) |
| 6 types of bone fractures | comminuted, compression, depression, impacted, spiral, greenstick |
| Reduction | realignment of broken bone ends |
| Comminuted fracture | many fragments, common in elderly |
| Compression fracture | shattered, common in porous/osteoporotic bones |
| Depression fracture | pushed in, typical of skull fracture |
| Impacted fracture | broken ends pushed into each other |
| Spiral fracture | ragged ends from twisting forces, common in sports fracture |
| Greenstick fracture | incomplete; typical in young children with soft bones |
| 4 ways to repair fractures | hematoma formation, splinting of break by fibrocartilage callus, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling in response to mechanical stress |
| Hematoma formation | broken blood vessels fill area with blood, bone cells deprived of nutrition die |
| Splinting of break by fibrocartilage callus | new capillaries begin growing in (granulation tissue) to the clotted blood and damaged are; dead tissue is consumed by phagocytes; fibroblasts and connective tissues forms the fibrocartilage callus that acts as a splint |
| Bony callus formation | osteoblasts and osteoclasts move into the area and the fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by one made of spongy bone (spongy callus) |
| Bony remodeling | bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, forms a strong, permanent "patch" at fracture site. |
| 3 parts of skull | cranium, facial bones, hyoid bone |
| Cranium | contains 8 large flat bones |
| Facial bones | 12 are paired, 2 are single |
| Mandible | lower jaw bone |
| Hyoid bone | no articulation with other bones |
| Fetal skull | large in comparison to body, contains fontanels: tissues that enable compression and growth |
| Vertebral column | (spine) supports axial skeleton; transmits body's weight to lower limbs, encases and protects delicate spinal cord |
| Intervertebral disks | cushion vertebrae, absorb shock, give spine flexibility |
| Cervical vertebrae | C1-C7 (neck) C1: atlas- has no body C2: axis- has dens as pivot point |
| Thoracic vertebrae | T1-T12 (chest) |
| Lumbar vertebrae | L1-T12 (lower back) |
| 3 abnormal spinal curvatures | scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis |
| Scoliosis | lateral or bends sideways |
| Kyphosis | "humpback" exaggerated cervical curve |
| Lordosis | "swayback" exaggerated lumbar curve |
| Saccrum | 5 fused vertebrae |
| Coccyx | 4 fused vertebrae; bottom of tailbone |
| Bony thorax | made up of sternum and ribs |
| Sternum | breastbone |
| Xiphoid process | breastbone must be handled with care during CPR so as not to break it |
| Ribs | 12 pars all attaching posteriorly with vertebral column; true, false, and floating |
| True ribs | superior 7 rib pairs |
| False ribs | inferior 5 rib pairs |
| Floating ribs | inferior 2 rib pairs |
| Bones of shoulder girdle | clavicle and scapulae |
| Clavicle | collarbone |
| Scapulae | shoulder blades |
| Upper limbs are made up of | Arm- humerus, Forearm- radius and ulna |
| Radius | lateral arm bone which follows thumb, crosses |
| Ulna | medial arm bone |
| Lower limbs are made up of | Thigh- femur, Leg- tibia and fibula |
| Femur | heaviest, longest, strongest bone in body |
| Tibia | Frontal shin bone |
| Fibula | Shorter shin bone |
| 3 Inflammatory disorders of joints | Osteoarthritis (OA),Rheumatoid arthritis, Gouty arthritis |
| Osteoarthritis | (OA) degenerative "wear and tear" |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune related and most crippling arthritis |
| Gouty arthritis | painful needle shaped uric acid crystals in joints |
| Primary curvatures | curvatures present at birth- thoracic and sacral |
| Secondary curvatures | curvatures that develop when baby holds head up and walks- cervical and lumbar |
| Osteoporosis | chronic bone thinning disease from hormone deficiency or inactivity in elderly |
| Pathologic fractures | spontaneous breaks, common in elderly or osteoporotic bones; can be broken by hugs or sneezing; falling can be devastating |
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jmb81592
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